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麦秆、油菜秆还田腐解速率及养分释放规律研究
引用本文:李逢雨,孙锡发,冯文强,秦鱼生,王昌全,涂仕华.麦秆、油菜秆还田腐解速率及养分释放规律研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(2):374-380.
作者姓名:李逢雨  孙锡发  冯文强  秦鱼生  王昌全  涂仕华
作者单位:1.四川省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所,四川成都 610066;
基金项目:国家支撑计划项目,农业部转化资金项目,国际植物营养研究所项目(IPNI) 
摘    要:采用尼龙网袋法直接覆盖还田和组织结构切片方法,研究了麦秆、油菜秆还田后的腐解速率及养分释放规律。结果表明,麦秆、油菜秆还田后,腐解速率均表现为前期快,后期慢。试验期间(100 d),麦秆、油菜秆的累计腐解率分别为66.18%和55.62%;养分释放均为钾磷氮。麦秆、油菜秆还田前10 d内,钾的释放分别达到98.92%和98.74%。在麦秆腐解过程中,前50d未见任何明显的结构破坏;50 d后,组织结构的破坏主要发生在基本组织的薄壁细胞及其所包围的维管束,表皮和机械组织以及其所包围的维管束的破坏仍不明显。在油菜秆腐解过程中,组织结构的破坏主要发生在腐解的前10 d,次生木质部以上的维管形成层、韧皮纤维、皮层薄壁组织和表皮均受到破坏而脱落。结果说明,秸秆中的钾是水可浸提的,为速效钾,作物推荐施肥量中可减去所用秸秆的钾含量;由于秸秆中氮、磷含量较低,特别是磷,因此在还田初期可不考虑调整氮、磷肥用量。

关 键 词:麦秆    油菜秆    腐解    养分释放    组织结构
收稿时间:2008-2-15

Nutrient release patterns and decomposing rates of wheat and rapeseed straw
LI Feng-yu,SUN Xi-fa,FENG Wen-qiang,QIN Yu-sheng,WANG chang-quan,TU Shi-hua.Nutrient release patterns and decomposing rates of wheat and rapeseed straw[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(2):374-380.
Authors:LI Feng-yu  SUN Xi-fa  FENG Wen-qiang  QIN Yu-sheng  WANG chang-quan  TU Shi-hua
Institution:1.Soil and Fertilizer Institute,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Chengdu 610066,China;
2 College of Resource and Environment,Sichuan Agricultural University,Ya’an 625014,China;
Abstract:The nutrient release patterns and decomposing rates of wheat and rapeseed straws were studied in rice fields. The straws were wrapped in net nylon bags and mulched to the fields. During the decomposing process, straw samples were taken on schedule, and were observed using electron microscope for its tissue structural images of cross sections. Results reveal that the decomposing rates of the two straws are fast at the beginning, and then slowly decrease with time. During the rice growth and development season which is about 100 d, the cumulative decomposing rates are 66.18% and 55.62% for wheat straw and rape shoot, respectively. Release rates of the nutrients of the straws are different; the K release rate is considerably greater than the rates of P and N releases. Within the first 10d, about 98.92% of K is released from wheat straw, and 98.74% from rape shoot. Based on the electron microscopic observations, there is not noticeable tissue damage of the wheat straw at the first 50 d, and after 50 d, the tissue damage mainly take place at the parenchyma cells and its surrounded vascular bundles, while the cuticle and mechanic tissues seem not damaged significantly. For rape shoot, however, the mechanic tissue damage is observed within the first 10 d when the vascular bundle cambium outside of the secondary xylem, phloem fiber, epidermal parenchyma and cuticle are all broken. These results further demonstrate that K in the straw is water extractable and readily available to plant. Therefore, amount of K in the straws should be subtracted from the recommended fertilization, while rates of N and P should be maintained in the fertilization at early crop growth stages.
Keywords:wheat straw  rape shoot  decomposition  nutrient release  tissue structure
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