控释氮肥一次性基施提高谷子产量和氮素利用率

【目的】探索控释氮肥一次性基施对谷子生长、产量和养分利用率的影响，建立高效的谷子一次性施肥技术，为谷子轻简化栽培提供技术支撑。【方法】2015—2016年连续两年在山东泰安，以谷子品种‘济谷16’为试验材料进行了大田试验。控释氮肥为硫包膜尿素 (SN) 和树脂包膜尿素 (RN)。试验以不施肥 (CK) 为对照，在氮素用量相同的前提下，设:常规施肥 (NPK)；硫包膜尿素一次性基施 (SN1)；2/3硫包膜尿素氮基施 + 1/3尿素氮追施 (SN2)；树脂包膜尿素一次性基施 (RN1)；2/3树脂包膜尿素氮基施 + 1/3尿素氮追施 (RN2)。分析调查了谷子的产量、养分吸收及农艺性状。【结果】SN1处理的产量两年均为最高，分别达到4190.2、4458.3 kg/hm2，与常规施肥处理相比，产量提高了20.1%～53.5%，氮肥利用率提高了46.0%～56.3%。在施用同种控释氮肥的条件下，控释氮肥一次性基施处理的谷子产量和氮肥利用率显著优于控释氮肥基施 + 追施尿素处理，其中产量增加了5.8%～7.3%，氮素积累量增加1.6%～7.9%，氮肥表观利用率增加了3.7%～19.9%，氮肥生理利用率增加了5.1%～10.1%，氮肥农学利用率增加了21.4%～33.4%。谷子成熟期，不同处理秸秆和籽粒中的全氮、全磷、全钾含量不同，表现为施用同种控释氮肥的条件下，一次性基施处理的籽粒和秸秆氮磷钾含量显著大于基施 + 追施尿素处理。【结论】在谷子种植中，一次性基施控释氮肥可以在节约施肥成本的同时提高谷子产量和氮肥利用率。

Single basal application of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer improve yield and nitrogen use efficiency of foxtail millet

【Objectives】In order to provide technical support of the simplified cultivation for foxtail millet, the effect of single basal application of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on the growth, yield of foxtail millet and fertilizer use efficiency were explored, and highly efficient one-off fertilization technique was also established.【Methods】A field experiment was consecutively carried out for two years in Tai’an City, Shandong Province, in 2015 and 2016. The millet cultivar of ‘Jigu16’ was used as tested materials. The tested two controlled-release fertilizers were sulfur-coated (SN) and resin-coated (RN) urea. The nitrogen release periods of the two controlled released urea were three months and they were mixed with urea in a ratio of 2∶1. Six treatments were designed for the experiment, no fertilizer (CK), urea basal and topdressing (NPK), SN single basal application (SN1), RN single basal application (RN1), SN basal application and urea topdressing (SN2), and RN basal application and urea topdressing (RN2). The yield, nutrient uptake and agronomic traits of foxtail millet were measured after harvest.【Results】The yield in SN1 was the highest among all treatments, which reached 4190.2 and 4458.3 kg/hm2 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Compared with NPK, the yield and the nitrogen use efficiency of SN1 increased by 20.1%?53.5% and 40.6%?56.3%, respectively. For the same type of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, the foxtail millet yield and nitrogen use efficiency of the SN1 and RN1 were significantly higher than those of SN2 and RN2, and the yield increased by 5.8%?7.3%, and the nitrogen accumulation increased by 1.6%?7.9%, the nitrogen apparent use efficiency increased by 3.7%?19.9%, the nitrogen physiological efficiency increased by 5.1%?10.1%, and the nitrogen agronomic efficiency increased by 21.4%?33.4%. At the maturity stage, different treatments showed significant difference in total N, P and K contents in straw and grain. The total N, P and K contents of straw and grain obtained in SN1 and RN1 were significantly higher than those in SN2 and RN2.【Conclusions】 Considering the decreased cost in labor of fertilization, once basal application of all the controlled-release fertilizers is recommended for the high yield and high efficient millet production.