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Toxin variation among salamander populations: discussing potential causes and future directions
Authors:Gilles DE MEESTER  Emina ?UNJE  Els PRINSEN  Erik VERBRUGGEN  Raoul VAN DAMME
Institution:1. Department of Biology, Functional Morphology Group, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;2. Department of Biology, Functional Morphology Group, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium

Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Hercegovina

Herpetological Association in Bosnia and Herzegovina: BHHU: ATRA, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Hercegovina;3. Department of Biology, Impress, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;4. Department of Biology, Plant and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium

Abstract:Amphibians produce defensive chemicals which provide protection against both predators and infections. Within species, populations can differ considerably in the composition and amount of these chemical defenses. Studying intraspecific variation in toxins and linking it to environmental variables may help us to identify the selective drivers of toxin evolution, such as predation pressure and infection risk. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the unique toxins produced by salamanders from the genus Salamandra: the samandarines. Despite this attention, intraspecific variation has largely been ignored within Salamandra-species. The aim of this study was to investigate whether geographic variation in profiles of samandarines exists, by sampling 4 populations of Salamandra atra over its range in the Dinaric Alps. In addition, we preliminary explored whether potential variation could be explained by predation (counting the number of snake species) and infection risk (cultivation and genomic analyses of collected soil samples). Salamanders from the 4 populations differed in toxin composition and in the size of their poison glands, although not in overall toxin quantity. Nor predation nor infection risk could explain this variation, as populations barely differed in these variables. Sampling over a much broader geographic range, using better estimators for predation and infection risk, will contribute to an improved understanding of how environment may shape variation in chemical defenses. Nevertheless, as the 4 populations of S. atra did differ in their toxin profiles, we propose that this species provides an interesting opportunity for further ecological and evolutionary studies on amphibian toxins.
Keywords:amphibian toxins  geographic variation  poison glands  Salamandra atra  samandarines
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