吉林省不同年代育成大豆品种某些农艺性状和生理性状的比较

许多研究表明,世界大豆品种产量随着育成年代呈显著增加,但自20世纪90年代以来我围育成大豆品种的产量增加幅度有放缓和停止不前的变化趋势.说明以农艺性状为选择目标的常规育种其品种的产量潜力已受到限制.迫切需要建立新的育种目标和计划.大豆育种工作者在对大豆晶种产量和农艺性状进行定向改良时,并没有考虑生理性状的改良,也不清楚生理性状发生了哪些变化.许多研究表明,大豆品种遗传改良过程中其生理性状也发生了变化,并与产量呈密切相关.对1923年至2005年间育成的40个大豆品种农艺性状和生理性状的研究表明,生理性状与产量和农艺性状相比,其改善的幅度较小,说明大豆生理性状的遗传改良孕育着巨大的产量潜力.建立以生理性状为目标的育种程序,定向改变大豆的生物学和生理学特性,是提升当前我国大豆育种水平.实现产量突破的重要途径.总结作者及课题绀成员近几年来埘吉林省1923年以来育成的大豆品种农艺性状和生理性状的比较研究结果,认为大豆叶片的光合能力、表观叶肉导度、硝酸还原酶活性和根瘤的数量具有作为高产品种选择指标的价值,有待于对其进行选择成本、可靠性、关联性和可替代性进行研究,用于高产大豆品种的选育和改良计划.

Changes of Some Physiological Characteristics and Agronomic Traits during Genetic Improvement of Soybean Cultivars in Jilin Province of China

Soybean yield in the world increased significantly with year of release.Future yield increase may be dependent on an understanding of the changes in soybean cuhivars made by breeding and selection.However,the yield of new soybean cuhivars did not show a linear increase in recent years in China.This may be related with that no clear physiological indexes were used for the selection of high yield soybean cuhivars.The objective of this paper is to provide a review on some physiological characteristics changes associated with yield increase during the genetic improvement of soybean from 1923 to 2005 in Jilin province.At the same time,in order to evaluate the changes of physiological characteristics,a comparison between some physiological characteristics and some agronomic traits was made.We found that the genetic improvement of agronomic traits by soybean breeding has made obvious progress,meanwhile,some physiological characteristics were improved,while the percentage changes of physiological characteristics were smaller than those of agronomic traits.The genetic improvement of some physiological characteristics,such as,photosynthetic ability,apparent mesophyll conductance(ALMC),nitrate reductase activity(NRA),the number of nodule still have huge yield potentiality.Soybean breeding with physiological characteristics as breeding targets will have big improvement in soybean yield.