土壤和叶面施锌对小麦农艺性状、籽粒产量和对锌、铁及硒微量元素浓度的影响

锌(Zn)是动植物和人体必需的微量元素,能预防肺炎等疾病和提高人体免疫功能。小麦作为中国主要粮食作物,为满足人体对锌的营养需求,提高小麦籽粒锌含量十分必要。为给优质富锌小麦生产提供理论依据和技术支撑,通过在田间条件下进行土壤和叶面施锌试验,研究其对小麦农艺性状和籽粒产量的影响,尤其是对籽粒锌浓度的生物强化效果,以及对籽粒中其他2种有益微量元素（铁和硒）的影响规律。结果表明：土施锌肥使小麦穗数从447.0万穗/hm²增加到511.5万穗/hm²,增幅14.4%。土壤和叶面施Zn使得小麦籽粒产量从5419.5~6250.5 kg/hm²增加到6372.0~6811.5 kg/hm²,增幅5.2%~17.6%,对籽粒铁和硒浓度均无显著影响,有效提升籽粒Zn浓度,从34.0~39.6 mg/kg提高到44.6~46.6 mg/kg,增幅17.7%~32.9%,达到世界卫生组织等机构和科学家所推荐的生物强化目标值(40~50 mg/kg)。因此,土壤和叶面施Zn提高小麦产量的同时,可以提升籽粒锌营养品质,是实现小麦提质增效的有效途径,建议大面积推广应用。

Effects of Soil and Foliar Zinc Application on Agronomic Traits,Grain Yield and Grain Zinc,Iron and Selenium Concentration of Wheat

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient element for the growth and development of animals, plants and the human body, which can prevent pneumonia and other diseases and improve human immune function. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major food crop in China, to meet the nutritional demand of human body for Zn, it is necessary to increase the Zn concentration in wheat grains. To provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the production of high quality wheat grains enriched with Zn, effects of soil and foliar Zn application on agronomic traits, grain yield, and the concentration of Zn (in particular) and also other two beneficial micronutrients including iron (Fe) and selenium (Se) in wheat grains were investigated under field condition. The results showed that the number of wheat ears of per hectare increased from 4470 thousand to 5115 thousand by soil Zn application, with an increase of 14.4%. Soil and foliar Zn application increased the grain yields of wheat from 5419.5-6250.5 kg/hm² to 6372.0-6811.5 kg/hm² with an increase rate of 5.2%-17.6%. Simultaneously, it had non-significant effect on the concentration of Fe and Se in grains, but effectively increased the Zn concentration from 34.0-39.6 mg/kg to 44.6-46.6 mg/kg with an increase rate of 17.7%-32.9%, achieving the target value of biofortification recommended by the World Health Organization and other institutions and scientists (40-50 mg/kg). Therefore, the application of Zn via soil and foliar spraying could improve the nutritional quality of grain Zn while increasing wheat yield, which is an effective way to improve the quality and efficiency of wheat production and is worth popularizing in large scale.