氮素形态对强筋和中筋小麦产量和品质的影响

  【目的】  研究不同氮素形态对强筋和中筋小麦植株生长、籽粒蛋白质含量及产量的影响，为选择适宜氮肥种类、提高氮素利用率提供科学依据。  【方法】  选用强筋小麦‘藁优2018’和中筋小麦‘济麦22’在河北邢台进行田间试验。在相同施氮量下，设置5个氮源处理:不施氮肥(CK)、酰胺态氮肥(Urea)、铵态氮肥(NH₄+-N)、硝态氮肥(NO₃–-N)、硝/铵态氮肥(NO₃–+NH₄+)。分析不同小麦品种各生育期的旗叶净光合速率、植株干物质与氮素积累及籽粒蛋白组分含量、氮效率和产量。  【结果】  1)酰胺态氮肥和硝态氮肥处理的强筋小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和产量均较高，两种氮素形态的测定指标间无显著差异。与其他施氮肥处理相比，酰胺态氮肥和硝态氮肥处理的成熟期小麦植株干物质积累显著增加5.9%～17.5%，氮素积累量显著提升8.8%～21.9%、氮素利用率增加8.0～18.0个百分点、氮肥农学效率提高9.5%～21.2%，酰胺态氮肥和硝态氮肥处理各指标间无显著差异。2)酰胺态氮肥处理的中筋小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和产量最高。与其他施氮肥处理相比，酰胺态氮肥处理的成熟期小麦干物质积累显著增加4.9%～16.0%，氮素积累量显著提升9.6%～31.0%，氮素利用率增加8.4～22.5个百分点，氮肥农学效率提高5.9%～22.4%。3)小麦品种和氮素形态均显著影响籽粒蛋白组分的形成。4)强筋小麦和中筋小麦的干物质积累、氮素积累量、氮效率、籽粒产量和蛋白组分均以铵态氮肥处理较低。  【结论】  强筋小麦籽粒蛋白各组分含量高，施用酰胺态氮肥或硝态氮肥可以更好地满足氮素的吸收和积累。中筋小麦籽粒产量高，酰胺态氮肥有利于干物质和蛋白质的积累。

Effects of nitrogen supply forms on the quality and yield of strong and medium gluten wheat cultivars

  【Objectives】  To provide a scientific basis for selecting suitable nitrogen fertilizer types and efficient nitrogen fertilizer management, we studied the effects of different N forms on plant growth, grain yield, and protein content of strong and medium gluten wheat cultivars.   【Methods】  The strong and medium gluten wheat cultivars used in this study were Gaoyou 2018 and Jimai 22. The field experiment was conducted in Xingtai City, Hebei Province. Five treatments were set up under the same N application rate, including no N fertilizer input (CK), amide N fertilizer (Urea), ammonium N fertilizer (NH₄+-N), nitrate N fertilizer (NO₃–-N), and equal NO₃–-NH₄+ (NO₃–+NH₄+). The flag leaf net photosynthetic rate, plant dry matter, N accumulation, grain protein content and yield of the wheat cultivars were measured.   【Results】  1) For strong gluten cultivar, the Urea and NO₃–-N treatments achieved higher grain protein content and yield than other treatments. Compared with other treatments, the dry matter accumulation of wheat at maturing stage (P<0.05) in the Urea and NO₃–-N treatments increased by 5.9%–17.5%, N accumulation increased by 8.8%–21.9%, N utilization rate increased by 8.0–18.0 percentage points, and N fertilizer agronomic efficiency increased by 9.5%–21.2%. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between urea and NO₃–-N treatments. 2) For medium gluten cultivar, Urea treatment achieved the highest protein content and yield. Compared to other treatments, Urea treatment increased the plant dry matter accumulation at the maturity stage by 4.9%–16.0%, N accumulation by 9.6%–31.0%, N utilization rate by 8.4–22.5 percentage points, and N fertilizer agronomic efficiency by 5.9%–22.4%. 3) Wheat cultivars and N forms (P < 0.05) affected the formation of grain protein components. 4) NH₄+-N treatment recorded the lowest dry matter, N accumulation, N efficiency, yield, and protein component in both cultivars.   【Conclusions】  Strong gluten wheat cultivar has a high grain protein component. Both urea and NO₃–-N fertilizers could meet the N requirement of a strong gluten wheat cultivar. Whereas the medium gluten cultivar has a high grain yield and protein content, urea-N shows a better effect than other N forms.