准格尔旗矿区景观格局动态分析

鄂尔多斯市准格尔旗煤炭资源丰富，矿产开发不仅带来社会经济的发展，还影响着矿区景观及生态环境变化。以准格尔旗1990、2010年两期TM遥感影像为数据源，利用景观生态学理论及景观格局分析方法，对准格尔矿区的景观结构和景观格局进行了动态分析。结果表明:1）研究区草灌地面积比例最大。转移矩阵显示，在时间动态上水体、耕地、沙地及河道地面积减少，草灌地、居民及工矿用地明显增加，虽然居民及工矿用地所占比例较小，但其对周围的其他景观产生巨大影响；2）20 a间，准格尔旗各乡镇在景观水平与斑块水平上发生了显著的变化，其景观异质性降低、优势度明显降低，景观格局相对简单化；3）20 a间，研究区3个乡镇的居民及工矿用地面积增加，显著影响着其景观构造的变化，研究区的植被覆盖面积呈增加趋势，但其景观更加离散、不规则化。矿区开发主导了矿区景观格局变化:加大建筑用地面积，严重地破坏耕地，减少耕地面积；而林地、草灌地面积虽有所增加，但其景观格局却更加破碎，生态系统更加不稳定。

Analysis of Dynamic Landscape Pattern in Zhungeer Mining Area

Jungar Banner of Erdos Zhungeer has abundant mineral resources.The exploitation of mineral resource not only brought the socioeconomic development, but also affected the landscape and ecological environment of the mining area. In this study, two-year (1990 and 2010) TM images of Jungar Banner were taken as the data source, based on the landscape ecology theory and landscape pattern analysis method, the dynamic characteristics of landscape structure and pattern in the mining area of Jungar Banner were analyzed. The results showed that: 1) the area of grassland and shrub land had the largest proportion in the research area. The temporal dynamics indicated that the areas of waterbody, farmland, and sandy land decreased, but the area of grass and shrub land, building land increased significantly. Although building land had the smaller proportion in the area, it had the great impact on the surrounding landscapes. 2) During 20 years, the landscape pattern of every township in Jungar Banner had undergone significant changes in both landscape and patch levels, manifested by the deterioration of landscape heterogeneity and the decrease of the landscape dominance. 3) The area of building land in three townships increased, which significantly affected the changes of landscape structure. The area of vegetation cover in the study area had an increasing trend, however, the landscape was more dispersed and irregular. The mining area exploitation was the dominant factor effecting the changes of landscape pattern, such as enlarging the building area, destroying the farmland, and reducing the cultivated land area. Furthermore, although the woodland and grass-shrub land area increased, its landscape pattern was more broken, and its ecosystem was more unstable.