Overwintering in a megacity: Urban green areas and migratory birds in Mexico City |
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| Institution: | 1. Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;2. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58190, Michoacán, Mexico;3. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Ciudad de México 14010, México;1. Department of Systems Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic;2. Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, Kaplanova 1931/1, 148 00 Prague 11-Chodov, Czech Republic;1. Davis College, Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA;2. Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories, 13768 Hamilton Rd., Charlotte, NC, USA;3. InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia and University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia;4. North Elementary School, Morgantown, WV, USA;1. Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;2. Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;3. Department of Forest Resources & Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;4. Planning Department, Union County, Monroe, NC, USA;5. North Carolina State Extension, USA;1. R＆D Center, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Tsukuba 300-1259, Japan;2. Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan;3. Faculty of Social Systems Science, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan;4. Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan;1. Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil;2. Department of Environmental Science – DCAm, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil;3. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA;4. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX, USA;5. School of Computer Science – Facom, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Nearctic-Neotropical migratory birds are threatened by land-use change throughout their complex annual cycles. While urbanization is an essential driver of land-use change, it is unclear how it affects migrant birds. Although migratory birds are more diverse in non-urban patches of native vegetation than in urban areas, neotropical cities can host diverse assemblages of overwintering migrant birds. Migratory birds in neotropical cities tend to be closely associated with urban green areas (UGAs). However, how their presence and abundance are affected by the habitat elements of UGAs and the urban matrix of neotropical cities is poorly understood. In this study, we compared the migratory bird species richness and abundances among UGAs and the urban matrix of the southern section of the megacity of Mexico City and native vegetation sites outside the city. Our results show that UGAs in neotropical cities provide habitats capable of maintaining complex overwintering migratory bird assemblages with local trees as critical features. We also assess the role that UGAs' characteristics play in determining migrant bird assemblages. We conducted bird censuses and measured habitat traits to determine how migrant bird assemblages are related to the habitat features of our study sites. We measured local, buffer, and spatial habitat features of each UGA. We found 23 overwintering migrant species in the three habitats, with 22 present within UGAs. Both UGAs and urban matrix sites had higher estimated species richness of migrant birds than non-urban native vegetation sites located outside the city. Only local features of UGAs affected migrant birds. While tree abundance in UGAs was positively associated with migratory bird species richness, the proportion of tree coverage was positively related to bird abundance. Our results show that UGAs in neotropical cities can maintain complex overwintering migratory bird assemblages, with trees being the most critical habitat feature. As a result, UGA management focused on maintaining trees and increasing their numbers can improve habitat conditions for migratory birds overwintering in neotropical cities. |
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| Keywords: | Nearctic-Neotropical Avian Urban vegetation Urban trees Tropics Land use cover |
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