果园机械化经济效益分析——以江苏烨佳梨园为例

针对果园机械化经济评价问题，采用成本分析理论模型和敏感性分析法，对江苏烨佳梨园生产过程中疏花、采摘、施药、除草、剪枝、施肥深松和灌溉7 个环节各作业方式的最低平均成本、机械装备替代传统作业的临界规模、机械装备相对传统作业方式的平均节省成本和临界规模的影响因素进行研究。结果表明:1)机械装备作业在一定规模后可以明显比传统方式作业节省成本，如手持式疏花器在种植面积大于0.11 hm²时，是更具经济效益的疏花方式，移动式水肥一体化系统在种植面积大于34.33 hm²时，是更具经济效益的灌溉方式；2)机械装备固定成本和传统作业方式零工成本是影响临界规模的重要因素，固定成本增加20%临界规模将增大约20%，零工成本增加20%临界规模将减小15%以上；3)案例中，梨园在机械装备平均成本最低的种植面积下，使用机械装备替代传统方式作业，全作业环节可节约成本11 536.87元/hm²。机械化装备需要果园规模大于临界规模才具有经济效益，随着固定成本降低，零工工资上升，机械装备作业替代传统方式作业临界规模变小，果园机械装备经济适用范围增大。

Analysis of economic benefit of orchard mechanization: Taking Yejia pear orchard in Jiangsu as an example

By combing the theory of cost analysis model with sensitivity analysis method, the lowest average cost calculation, machinery operation of critical size, relative to traditional practices, on average, cost savings and the influence factors of critical mass, seven aspects of orchard production process, e. g. flower thinning, picking, plant protection, weeding, pruning, fertilization & deep digging and irrigation machinery economic benefit, in Yejia pear orchard in Jiangsu were investigated for the economic evaluation of orchard mechanization. The results showed that: 1)The mechanical equipment operation after a certain size can obviously save more than the traditional way. The handheld thin flower implement in the planting area of more than 0. 11 hm² became the most economical mode of operation. The irrigation link planting area of more than 34. 33 hm² was the most economical way of operation system; 2)The fixed cost of machinery and the odd jobs cost were the important factors affecting the critical scale. If the fixed cost increased by 20%, the critical scale would increase by about 20%. And when the odd jobs cost increased by 20%, the critical scale would decrease by more than 15%; 3)The cost per hm² of pear orchard in the study was saved by 11 536. 87 yuan. With the decrease of fixed cost and the increase of labor wage, the critical scale of mechanical equipment operation to replace the traditional way of operation became smaller, and the scope of economic application of mechanical equipment in orchard became larger.