施肥对马铃薯农田土壤水分时空变化及产量的影响

为探讨施肥与马铃薯田土壤水分时空变化和产量的关系,采用随机区组设计,在定位施肥条件下,研究了有机肥+氮磷钾（MNPK）、有机肥（M）、氮磷钾（NPK）、氮磷（NP）、氮钾（NK）、磷钾（PK）、不施肥对照（CK）对马铃薯田土壤水分含量时空变化及马铃薯产量的影响。施肥量为腐熟羊厩肥22 500kg/hm ²、N 150kg/hm ²、P₂O₅75kg/hm ²、K₂O 270kg/hm ²。结果表明：不同施肥处理各土层土壤含水量随着马铃薯生育期的推进均呈现波动变化;生育期土壤剖面含水量呈现“?”形变化趋势,20~40cm土层为最大蓄水层和耗水层。NPK、MNPK、M处理土壤含水量显著高于NK、NP、PK和CK,说明施用有机肥或氮磷钾化肥配施均能提高土壤持水性能。两年平均产量以M处理最高,其次是NPK处理,再次是MNPK处理;商品薯率也以NPK、M和MNPK处理较高;单株结薯数以M、PK、MNPK、NPK处理较高,NK和CK处理较低。研究结果表明,缺乏磷、钾较缺乏氮素对马铃薯产量、商品薯率、结薯数的影响更为严重。

Effects of Fertilization on Soil Moisture Temporal and Spatial Variation and Yield of Potato

To evaluate the effects of manure and fertilizer on the soil moisture and potato yield, seven treatments: sheep manure plus N, P, K fertilizers(MNPK), sheep manure (M), NPK, NP, NK, PK, and no fertilization as control(CK) were conducted. The amount of sheep manure, N, P₂O₅ and K₂O was 22 500, 150, 75, 270kg/hm ², respectively. A randomized complete block design was used with three replicates. Soil moisture content of different soil layer showed a fluctuating trend during potato growing season. Soil moisture content showed a trend of shape “?” as the soil deepened during the growth period. Layer of 20~40cm soil depth showed both the maximum water storage and deprivation. Soil water content under treatments of NPK, MNPK and M was higher than that of NK, NP, PK, CK significantly, which indicated that both the manure and chemical fertilizer could enhance the soil water holding capacity. M had the highest average yield in two years, followed by NPK and MNPK. NPK, M and MNPK also had higher average marketable tuber ratio in two years. M, PK, MNPK and NPK showed greater number of individual tuber than NK and CK. To conclude, lack of phosphorus and potassium had more side effects on potato yield, marketable tuber ratio and tuber number than lack of nitrogen did.