农村生活污水治理调研及对策建议

农村生活污水治理工作是农村人居环境综合整治行动的一项重要且艰巨的任务。本研究对22个省份396个典型农村生活污水治理情况开展了集中调研，采用现场考察、座谈交流、资料查阅等方法进行调查研究。总结出农村污水治理模式主要有集中处理-达标排放、集中处理-资源化利用、分散处理-达标排放、分散处理-就地利用4大类，污水处理工艺主要有生物处理、生态处理和生物-生态组合处理3种。常见生物处理技术有厌氧-好氧组合（A/O、A²/O等）法、序批式活性污泥（SBR）法和生物转盘等。生态处理技术有人工湿地、氧化塘和土地渗滤工艺等。其中，生物-生态组合处理技术适合我国农村生活污水治理的不同需求，具有很大的开发利用潜力和前景。通过研究地方农村污水处理现状及技术模式，对各地农村生活污水治理存在的问题进行了梳理总结。从地方农村生活污水治理现状及进展、规划标准体系建设、技术模式和监管机制等方面进行了综述，提出农村生活污水治理存在的关键问题，包括缺乏规划指引、技术模式选取不合理、运行维护难以保障、市场培育不足以及农民参与度不够等。针对存在的不足，并结合我国农村经济条件、地形条件和风俗差异等，提出农村生活污水治理应采取正确的技术路线和治理方针，推动农村厕所、生活污水处理设施设备和村庄保洁等一体化运行管护，探索农村生活污水处理农户付费制度，加强欠发达农村地区污水生态治理等可行性对策建议。

Investigation and countermeasures of rural domestic sewage treatment

The treatment of rural domestic sewage is an important and arduous task in the comprehensive improvement of rural human settlements.This research conducted a survey on the treatment of 396 typical rural domestic sewage in 22 provinces,and concluded that the rural sewage treatment modes mainly include centralized treatment-standardized discharge,centralized treatment-resource utilization,decentralized treatment-standardized discharge,and decentralized treatment-spot utilization.There are three main types of sewage treatment processes:biological treatment,ecological treatment and biological-ecological combined treatment.The common biological treatment technologies include anaerobic-aerobic combined (A/O,A²/O,etc.) method,sequencing batch activated sludge (SBR) method and biological reactor;and the ecological treatment technologies include artificial wetlands,oxidation ponds and land infiltration processes.Among them,the biological-ecological combined treatment technology is suitable for the different rural domestic sewage treatment in China,and it has great potential and prospects for development and utilization.This article summarizes the current situation and progress of domestic sewage treatment in rural China,the construction of planning and standard system,the technical model and supervision mechanism.The key problems in rural domestic sewage treatment in China have been pointed out in this article,including the lack of planning guidance,unreasonable selection of technical models,difficult to guarantee operation and maintenance,insufficient market cultivation,and insufficient endogenous motivation to stimulate mass participation,etc.In view of the existing shortcomings,combined with rural economic,topographical condition and customs in different regions in China,the feasible suggestions for rural domestic sewage treatment are proposed according to local conditions,to promote the integrated operation and management of rural toilets,domestic sewage facilities and equipment and village cleaning,explore the payment system for rural domestic sewage treatment farmers,and highlight the methods of sewage ecological treatment in underdeveloped rural areas.