侵染我国主要蔬菜作物的病毒种类、分布与发生趋势

【目的】 对我国茄科、葫芦科、豆科和十字花科蔬菜主要病毒病开展调查、诊断,明确当前我国主要蔬菜作物病毒病的病原物、优势病毒及其分布,并对其中一些重要病毒引起的病毒病在我国的发生危害趋势进行分析。【方法】 2013—2017年,对我国大陆31个省（市、自治区）开展茄科、葫芦科、豆科和十字花科等蔬菜作物主要病毒病发生情况的普查,利用血清学和分子生物学相结合的方法对主要蔬菜病毒病的病原进行鉴定。【结果】 我国大陆31个省（市、自治区）共采集茄科、葫芦科、豆科和十字花科蔬菜作物疑似病毒病样品41 653份,共检出病毒63种,其中茄科蔬菜检出病毒达40种,葫芦科蔬菜检出病毒26种,豆科蔬菜检出病毒19种,十字花科蔬菜检出病毒14种。茄科的辣椒检出病毒33种,番茄检出病毒25种;葫芦科的南瓜检出病毒22种,黄瓜检出病毒19种;豆科的豇豆检出病毒14种,菜豆检出病毒12种;十字花科的萝卜检出12种病毒,大白菜检出7种病毒。蔬菜作物中普遍存在多种病毒复合侵染现象,已发现2—6种病毒复合侵染,以2种病毒复合侵染类型居多,其中辣椒、番茄和茄子上存在6种病毒复合侵染。本研究首次在国内发现番茄斑驳花叶病毒（Tomato mottle mosaic virus,ToMMV）、西葫芦虎纹花叶病毒（Zucchini tigre mosaic virus,ZTMV）、辣椒脉黄化病毒（Pepper vein yellows virus,PeVYV）、辣椒隐潜病毒1号（Pepper cryptic virus 1,PCV-1）和辣椒隐潜病毒2号（Pepper cryptic virus 2,PCV-2）的侵染;首次发现ToMMV、甜瓜蚜传黄化病毒（Melon aphid-borne yellows virus,MABYV）、南瓜蚜传黄化病毒（Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus,CABYV）对辣椒的侵染,首次发现ZTMV对黄瓜、烟草轻绿花叶病毒（Tobacco mild green mosaic virus,TMGMV）对南瓜的侵染,首次发现番茄斑萎病毒（Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus,TSWV）可以侵染芹菜、曼陀罗、豇豆、豌豆、党参、大丽花、旱金莲、刺天茄等,首次发现红辣椒脉斑驳病毒（Chilli veinal mottle virus,ChiVMV）可以侵染红茄,另外还首次发现辣椒和番茄为烟草丛顶病毒（Tobacco bushy top virus,TBTV）的新自然寄主。【结论】 黄瓜花叶病毒（Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV）、烟草花叶病毒（Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV）、芜菁花叶病毒（Turnip mosaic virus,TuMV）和蚕豆萎蔫病毒2号（Broad bean wilt virus 2,BBWV2）为当前危害我国蔬菜作物的优势病毒,在全国范围内广泛分布且发生严重,特别是CMV发生最为普遍,在31个省（市、自治区）均有分布,且均为这些地区的优势病毒。茄科蔬菜的优势病毒为CMV和TMV,葫芦科蔬菜的优势病毒依次为CMV、小西葫芦黄花叶病毒（Zucchini yellow mosaic virus,ZYMV）、黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒（Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus,CGMMV）和TMV,豆科蔬菜的优势病毒为CMV和BBWV2,十字花科蔬菜的优势病毒依次为TuMV、CMV和TMV。番茄褪绿病毒（Tomato chlorosis virus,ToCV）、TSWV、CGMMV和ToMMV等病毒在部分省区发生严重,扩展蔓延速度极快,具有在全国范围内流行的风险。

Identification,Distribution and Occurrence of Viruses in the Main Vegetables of China

【Objective】 The objective of this study is to determine the pathogens, dominant viruses, distributions of Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae, and Cruciferae vegetables viral diseases, and to analyze the expansion trend of some important viruses in China.【Method】 Viral disease survey and virus detection using a combination of serological and molecular biology methods on Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae, and Cruciferae vegetables were carried out in 31 provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) of mainland China from 2013 to 2017.【Result】 A total of 41 653 suspected virus disease samples of Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae and Cruciferae vegetables were collected from the 31 provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) across the country. A total of 63 viruses were detected, of which 40 viruses were detected in solanaceous vegetable crops, as well as 26 viruses in cucurbitaceous vegetable crops, 19 viruses in leguminous vegetable crops, and 14 viruses in cruciferous vegetable crops. Among them, 33 and 25 viruses were detected in pepper and tomato of solanaceous samples, respectively; 22 and 19 viruses were detected in pumpkin and cucumber of cucurbitaceous samples, respectively; 14, 12, 12 and 7 viruses were detected in cowpea, kidney beans, radish and Chinese cabbage, respectively. Mixed infections were common in the vegetable crops with two to six viruses respectively, most of the co-infected crops were infected with two viruses and some of the pepper, tomato and eggplant plants were infected with six viruses. Tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV), Zucchini tigre mosaic virus (ZTMV), Pepper vein yellows virus (PeVYV), Pepper cryptic virus 1 (PCV-1) and Pepper cryptic virus 2 (PCV-2) were firstly recorded in China. ToMMV, Melon aphid-borne yellows virus (MABYV), Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) were firstly detected on pepper plants, ZTMV and Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) were firstly recorded on cucumber and pumpkin plants, respectively. While Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) was firstly detected on celery, Datura stramonium, cowpea, pea, Codonopsis pilosula, dahlia, Tropaeolum majus, Solanum indicum, and so on. Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) was firstly found infecting Solanum yingjiangense. Meanwhile, pepper and tomato plants were found as the new natural hosts of Tobacco bushy top virus (TBTV). 【Conclusion】 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2) are the dominant viruses currently in China due to their widely distribution and serious damage on vegetable crops nationwide. Among them, CMV occurs in all of the 31 provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions), and is also the dominant virus in the all regions. CMV and TMV are the dominant viruses on solanaceous vegetable crops, while CMV, Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) and TMV are the dominant viruses on cucurbitaceous vegetable crops. CMV and BBWV2 are the dominant viruses of leguminous vegetable crops, and TuMV, CMV, TMV are the dominant viruses of cruciferous vegetable crops. Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), TSWV, CGMMV and ToMMV, which occurring seriously in some provinces and spreading rapidly, may have the risk of national epidemic.