饲用燕麦育种研究进展与展望

燕麦是一种一年生禾本科作物，具有耐瘠薄、耐盐碱、抗旱耐寒、适应性广等特性，可广泛种植于欧洲、北美洲和亚洲的北纬40°以北的温带地区。同时，燕麦产草量高、营养价值高、适口性好、消化率高、适于青贮和调制干草，因此，燕麦是一种粮饲兼用的重要杂粮作物。根据燕麦籽粒是否被麸皮包裹可分为皮燕麦和裸燕麦。目前，我国多种植不带麸皮的裸燕麦，主要用于食用，而国外以种植带麸皮的皮燕麦为主，主要用于饲喂牲畜。在大力发展畜牧业的今天，我国的饲用燕麦品种是严重不足的。因此，我国制定并实施了“草牧业”“粮改饲”“引草入田”等系列政策，促进了饲用燕麦产业的快速发展。在国家政策和产业需求的大力支持和引导下，饲用燕麦的种植面积不断扩大，对新品种的需求也日益迫切，对饲用燕麦的育种工作也提出更高的要求。本研究综述了国内外饲草燕麦的：1）种质资源收集、整理和鉴定评价；2）常规育种的4个发展阶段；3）分子技术在燕麦科研与育种中的利用。基于以上研究的梳理总结，明确当前饲用燕麦的育种需求，分析饲用燕麦育种的重点、难点和热点问题，为我国饲用燕麦育种的现代化发展提供重要参考。

Advances and perspectives in forage oat breeding

Oat （Avena sativa） is an annual crop belonging to the Poaceae family with resistance to salinity， drought， cold stress， and adaptability to a wide range of environmental conditions including lower soil fertility. Oats are widely grown in temperate regions north of 40° N latitude in Europe， North America， and Asia. Oats also have a high forage yield， high nutritional value， good palatability， high digestibility， and the crop is suitable for silage and hay production. Therefore， oat is a versatile grain crop useful for food and forage purposes. Oat cultivars can be classified as naked or hulled oats depending on whether the grains readily separate from the husk or lemma at threshing. Hulled oats retain their husk. Naked oats without husks are mostly grown in China and are commonly used for food， while hulled oats which retain their husks are mainly grown in other countries， and are often used for feeding livestock. With the rapid development of animal husbandry in China in recent years， the available forage oat varieties are currently in need of improvement. Our country has formulated and implemented a series of policies that include “grass-based livestock husbandry”， “grain to forage” and “planting grass in fields”， which have promoted the rapid development of the forage oat industry. Under the strong support and guidance of these national policies and industry need， the planting area of forage oats has continued to expand， and the demand for new varieties has become increasingly urgent， which also points to higher requirements for the breeding of forage oats. In this study， we reviewed： 1） Collection， sorting， identification， and evaluation of germplasm resources of forage oats at home and abroad； 2） Four development stages of conventional breeding； and 3） The application of molecular technology in scientific research and breeding of oats. Based the above review， the current breeding objectives of forage oats are clarified， and the key points， difficulties， and immediate issues of forage oat breeding are discussed and analyzed， thus providing an important resource to underpin further developments in forage oat breeding.