Iohexol-based measurement of intestinal permeability in birds |
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| Institution: | 1. Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany;2. Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;3. 4Pharma Ltd, Helsinki, Finland;4. Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;5. Education and Training Unit, Comparative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden;1. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA;2. Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA;1. Mypetclinic, viale D., Milano, Italy;2. Csv-Labvet, Missaglia (LC), Italy;3. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy;1. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium;2. Department of Pharmacy, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, Belgium;3. Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, Belgium;4. Department of Paediatric Intensive Care, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, Belgium;1. Hospital Clinic Veterinari, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain;2. Departament de Anatomia i Sanitat Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain;3. Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Background: Iohexol has been successfully used as a marker to assess intestinal permeability in humans and various other mammals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of oral iohexol as an intestinal permeability marker in four anatomically and nutritionally diverse bird species. Methods: Three dosages (1 ml/kg, 2 ml/kg, 4 ml/kg) of iohexol (755 mg/ml) were administered orally to each six clinically healthy pigeons and chickens at two-week intervals. Iohexol plasma concentration was determined 45, 90 and 180 minutes after administration. A comparative study was performed by administering iohexol twice to each six clinically healthy cockatiels and falcons, and determining iohexol plasma concentration at 45 or 90 minutes after administration. Results: The recommended iohexol dosage for permeability testing in birds was determined to be 1 ml/kg. Median plasma iohexol concentrations were 27.77 µg/ml in pigeons, 12.97 µg/ml in chickens, 14.24 µg/ml in cockatiels, and 47.81 µg/ml in falcons, 45 minutes after this dosage was administered. At 90 minutes after administration, median plasma iohexol concentrations were 40.68 µg/ml in pigeons, 21.59 µg/ml in chickens, 32.03 µg/ml in cockatiels, and 55.96 µg/ml in falcons. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Oral iohexol was a safe and feasible marker for intestinal permeability assessment in birds. Further investigations are warranted to establish species-specific reference intervals in larger numbers of healthy birds, and to examine the use of iohexol as a permeability marker in birds with disorders associated with altered intestinal permeability. |
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