Complete chloroplast genome sequence of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and its evolutionary implications

The complete nucleotide sequence of the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) chloroplast genome (cpDNA) was determined. The 152,860 bp cpDNA contained a pair of 26,035 bp inverted repeat regions (IR), which are separated by small and large single copy regions (SSC and LSC) of 83,030 and 17,760 bp, respectively. The major portion (56.4%) of the B. napus cpDNA consists of gene coding regions, while intergenic spacers make up 43.6% of the complete genome. The average AT content of the B. napus cpDNA is 63.7% and for the LSC, SSC and IR region is 65.9, 70.8 and 57.7%, respectively. Fifteen genes contained one intron, while three genes had two introns. In total, 86 simple sequence repeats were identified. The detailed comparison of the B. napus with one of its putative parents, B. rapa L. cpDNA indicated that the two species were highly similar. The entire gene pool and relative positions of 113 individual genes were identical to those of B. rapa cpDNA. The sequence divergence analysis of B. napus and B. rapa showed only 0.133% in the coding regions, 0.275% in the intron regions, and 0.348% in the intergenic spacer regions. The phylogenies based on 61 protein coding genes from 48 cpDNA sequences provided strong support for monophyly of many major classes of angiosperms and provided support that Amborella could be a sister to all other angiosperms. Our analysis also supported that B. napus is the closest species to B. rapa and B. rapa could be the mathernal parent of B. napus cv. zy036.