国内外施肥机械的发展概况及需求分析

肥料是农业生产的基础物资，施肥机械是合理施用肥料的基本手段。本文分析了国外固体肥料施用机械的原理与发展情况，包括离心圆盘式撒肥机、桨叶式撒肥机、锤片式撒肥机、液体肥料施肥机械、变量施肥机械、灌溉施肥机械的发展应用情况，指出了大型化、智能化是目前国际施肥机械的发展方向。本文还分析了我国施肥机械的发展情况，我国除撒肥机外，很少有专用的施肥机械，播种施肥机在我国发展很快，主要有两大类，一类是圆盘式小麦播种施肥机，另一类是玉米播种施肥机。近年来灌溉施肥机械在我国发展很快，但使用较少。由于我国农业高度分散和高强度开发，施肥机械的研制难度大、成果转化率低。根据我国农业的发展趋势，提高肥料利用率、减少肥料损失的施肥机械是发展的重点，主要需求有肥料深施机械、追肥机械、变量施肥机械、近根施肥机械和液体肥料施肥机械等。

Analysis of the development and the demands of fertilization machinery

Fertilizers play a vital role in agriculture. The fertilization machinery is the basic implement for rational application of fertilizer. It was analyzed the principle and development of application machinery for solid fertilizer ( centrifugal disc spread-er, blade type spreader, hammer distributor fertilization machines) , liquid fertilizer, variable rate application and fertigation. It is pointed out that the large scale, intelligence machines are the developing direction of the international fertilizer machinery. Development of fertilizer applicators in China was also analyzed. The common machines for fertilizers were the spreaders. See-ding and fertilizing machines in China were developing in recent years. Disc type seeding and fertilizing machines for wheat and corn seeding and fertilizing machine were the two main types. In recent years, fertigation was developing very fast in China. Because of high dispersion and high strength development, the utilization of mechanical fertilization is difficult for small scale management, and the technical transformation rate is lower. According to the developing trends of China’s agriculture, to im-prove the fertilizer utilization rate, reduce the loss of the nutrients, the development of fertilization machines will be focus on deep application, top-dressing fertilization, variable rate application, nearing root application and liquid fertilizer and so on.