三个油橄榄品种花芽分化和果实发育过程观测

为研究油橄榄在酸性土壤、夏雨型气候环境下的生长发育特征,因地制宜开展田间栽培管理提供科学依据。以中国南方3个油橄榄适生良种豆果、柯基和尼Ⅰ为材料,比较花芽分化、花期物候、花序特征、单果重和含油率差异。结果显示:3个品种的花芽分化均起始于3月上旬,豆果和尼Ⅰ初花期为5月3日,花期分别为10、6 d;柯基初花期为5月4日,花期11 d。豆果、尼Ⅰ、柯基的平均花序长度分别为2.5、2.5、2.9 cm,单个花序平均小花数量分别为16.3、14.9、17.9个。果实转色的先后次序和成熟期的早晚一致,依次为尼Ⅰ、豆果和柯基;单果重和含油率随着时间的推移均呈上升趋势,但二者增速不同,单果重在果实发育前期增长较快,含油率在果实发育后期增长较快。至10月24日果实成熟度分别达M5(尼Ⅰ和豆果)和M4(柯基),尼Ⅰ的单果重和含油率分别为3.40 g、13.05%,豆果的单果重和含油率分别为1.15 g、14.31%,柯基的单果重和含油率分别为0.77 g、12.31%。综上表明,3个品种花期基本一致,柯基的花量大、花期长,可作为授粉品种加以利用;在果实的生长发育过程中,前期应加强田间肥水管理,以确保树体处于良好的营养水平,为后期油分积累奠定物质基础,同时在梅雨季节要注意及时排水。

Flower bud differentiation and fruit development of three olive cultivars

To study the growth and development of olive (Olea europaea. L) in the environment of acidic soil and rainy summer,and provide a scientific reference for further cultivation management according to the local condition, three prior cultivars Arbequina, Koroneiki and Nichiskii I in sourthern China were tested to compare the differences of flower bud differentiation, phenological period, inflorescence characteristics, fruit weight and oil content. The results showed that flower bud differentiation of three cultivars all started in early March. The initial blooming phase of Arbequina and Nichiskii I started on May 3^th with the blooming duration of 10 and 6 days, respectively. The initial blooming phase of Koroneiki started on May 4^th with the blooming duration of 11 days. The average inflorescence length of Arbequina, Nichiskii Ⅰ and Koroneiki were 2.5, 2.5 and 2.9 cm, flower number per inflorescence were 16.3, 14.9 and 17.9, respectively. The order of fruit turning color stage was the same with the mature period, followed by Nichiskii Ⅰ, Arbequina and Koroneiki. Both fruit weight and oil content increased over time with different growth rates. Fruit weight was mainly increased in early stage, and oil content was mainly increased in late stage. By October 24^th, the fruit maturity reached M5 (Nichiskii Ⅰ and Arbequina) and M4 (Koroneiki), the fruit weight and oil content of each cultivar were 3.40 g and 13.05% (Nichiskii I), 1.15 g and 14.31% (Arbequina), 0.77 g and 12.31% (Koroneiki). In summary, the flowering periods of three cultivars were relatively consistent. Koroneiki had a large amount of flowers and a long flowering period, and could be used as a pollination cultivar. During the growth and development of fruit, fertilizer and water management should be strengthened in the early stage to ensure a good nutrient level of trees and lay a material foundation for oil accumulation in the later stage. Meanwhile, timely drainage should be taken during the rainy season.