智慧果园构建关键技术装备及展望

传统果园生产中面临着人口老龄化带来的劳动力短缺、农机作业装备与生产资料管理困难、生产效率低下等问题，通过建设融合物联网、大数据、装备智能化等技术的智慧果园，可有望解决上述问题。为应对北京市农业现代化建设需求、引领中国农业发展方向，基于桃、梨果园全程机械化、智能化管理等目标，本研究在北京市重要的桃、梨等优势果品产区——平谷区峪口镇西营村构建了约30 hm²梨与桃的智慧果园。果园中应用了10多种病、虫、水、肥、药的各类信息获取传感器，装备了28种机械化、智能化技术支持的农机装备，采用的关键技术包括智能信息获取系统、水肥一体管理系统以及病虫害智能管理系统，智能作业装备系统包括无人驾驶割草机、智能防冻机、开沟施肥机、自动驾驶履带智能仿形变量喷雾机、六旋翼枝向对靶无人机、多功能采摘平台以及整理修剪机等。同时，在果园中还构建了智能管理平台。经比较发现，智慧果园生产模式可减少人工成本50%以上，节省农药用量30%～40%、肥料用量25%～35%、灌溉用水量60%～70%，综合经济效益提升32.5%。智慧果园的推广实施将进一步推动中国果业生产水平的提高，促进中国智慧农业的发展。

Key Technologies and Equipment for Smart Orchard Construction and Prospects

Traditional orchard production is facing problems of labor shortage due to the aging, difficulties in the management of agricultural equipment and production materials, and low production efficiency which can be expected to be solved by building a smart orchard that integrates technologies of Internet of Things(IoT), big data, equipment intelligence, et al. In this study, based on the objectives of full mechanization and intelligent management, a smart orchard was built in Pinggu district, an important peaches and pears fruit producing area of Beijing. The orchard covers an aera of more than 30 hm² in Xiying village, Yukou town. In the orchard, more than 10 kinds of information acquisition sensors for pests, diseases, water, fertilizers and medicines are applied, 28 kinds of agricultural machineries with intelligent technical support are equipped. The key technologies used include: intelligent information acquisition system, integrated water and fertilizer management system and intelligent pest management system. The intelligent operation equipment system includes: unmanned lawn mower, intelligent anti-freeze machine, trenching and fertilizer machine, automatic driving crawler, intelligent profiling variable sprayer, six-rotor branch-to-target drone, multi-functional picking platform and finishing and pruning machine, etc. At the same time, an intelligent management platform has been built in the smart orchard. The comparison results showed that, smart orchard production can reduce labor costs by more than 50%, save pesticide dosage by 30% ~ 40%, fertilizer dosage by 25% ~ 35%, irrigation water consumption by 60% ~ 70%, and comprehensive economic benefits increased by 32.5%. The popularization and application of smart orchards will further promote China's fruit production level and facilitate the development of smart agriculture in China.