葡萄清土与防寒布回收机械化技术研究现状与展望

目前葡萄清土与防寒布回收作业仍以人工作业为主,劳动强度大、效率低下、成本高,且该作业环节时效性强,过早过晚都不利于葡萄生长,因此亟需研究切实可行的葡萄清土与防寒布回收机。阐述国内外葡萄清土与防寒布回收机及关键部件的主要类型、工作原理及特点,提出机械化发展的制约因素和现有机具存在的问题,从农艺方面指出种植模式的不规范降低机具的通用性,从农机方面指出单边作业模式、垄上作业模式以及智能化程度低等不利于进行高质量清土作业,清土机构的材质及清土方式导致葡萄藤损伤和低清土效率,卷布机构不合理的结构形式和作业角度及其转速与行进速度的不匹配导致防寒布卷收质量低。针对现有的问题提出了培养耐寒葡萄新品种,南方产区发展葡萄大棚、设施栽培,规范葡萄种植、管理模式,研发新型防寒材料以取代防寒土,推行垄行作业式机械,研发分动力双边作业机械或翻转式作业机械,采用刚柔组合式清土部件,采用PID控制技术调节卷布机构转速,融合机电液技术提高自动化、智能化程度等解决措施,旨在为葡萄清土与防寒布回收作业提出新的思路,促进葡萄春季清土环节机械化水平的提高。

Research status and prospect of grape soil clearing and cold-proof cloth recycling mechanization technology

At present,the grape soil clearing and cold-proof cloth recycling is still mainly manual operation,which is characterized by high labor intensity,low efficiency and high cost.In addition,this operation is time-sensitive,which is not conducive to grape growth if it is too early or too late.Therefore,it is urgent to study a feasible grape soil clearing and cold-proof cloth recycling machine.It was expounded the main types,working principle,and characteristics of the grape soil clearing and cold-proof cloth recycling machine at home and abroad.It was also analyzed the key components.From two aspects of agronomy and agricultural machinery,it was proposed the mechanization development restricting factors and existing problems of machine.From the aspect of agronomy,it was pointed that the non-standard of planting patterns reduces the versatility of machines and tools.From the aspect of agricultural machinery,it was pointed that the unilateral operation mode,ridge above operation mode and low level of intelligence are not conductive to high quality soil clearing operation.The material and method of soil clearing mechanism lead to damage of grapevine and low efficiency of this operation.The unreasonable structure form and operation angle of cold-proof cloth winding mechanism and the mismatching of its rotation rate with the forward speed lead to the low winding quality of the cold-proof cloth.In view of the existing problems,it puts forward that it needs to cultivate new cold-proof grape varieties,develop greenhouses and facilities for cultivation.It must standard the grape planting and management mode.It also can develop new cold-proof materials to replace cold-proof soil.In terms of the machines themselves,it needs to implement the ridge-operation type machinery,research and develop separate power bilateral machinery or turnover type machinery.And rigid and flexible combined soil clearing components are adopted.There are other measures that the PID control technology to adjust rotation rate of the cold-proof cloth winding mechanism,integration of mechanical and electrical hydraulic technology to improve the degree of automation and intelligence,et al.It can provide a new development idea for the soil clearing and cold-proof cloth winding operation.Moreover,it promotes the improvement of grape spring soil clearing mechanization.