种植密度对玉米品种植株及籽粒相关性状的影响

为了研究种植密度对玉米产量、植株及籽粒性状的影响,试验选用‘永优1573’、‘永优1593’、‘郑单958’、‘先玉335’等4个玉米品种,设置6万株/hm²、6.75万株/hm²、7.5万株/hm²、8.25万株/hm²、9万株/hm² 5个密度梯度,测定8个产量性状和不同生育期4个植株性状及3个籽粒品质性状的变化规律。结果表明,随着密度的增加,产量先增后降,在7.5万株/hm²时产量最高。株高、穗位、叶面积指数(LAI)逐渐增加,百粒重、单株叶面积(LA)逐渐减小。从拔节期开始,LA、LAI均显著增加,散粉期达到最大值;籽粒灌浆前期百粒重快速增加,植株干物质积累量逐渐减少,LA、LAI降低。籽粒粗淀粉含量(CT)、粗蛋白含量(CP)、粗脂肪含量(CF)受籽粒发育和种植密度的双重影响,品种间差异显著。‘永优1573’的CP较高,‘先玉335’的CT较高,‘郑单958’的CF较高。因此,在一定范围内提高种植密度,配合田间水肥管理措施,可以获得较高的籽粒产量,同时提高籽粒营养品质含量。

Planting Density of Maize: Effects on Plant and Kernel Related Characters of Different Varieties

In order to investigate the effects of planting density on yield, and plant and kernel characters of maize, four maize varieties ‘Yongyou 1573’, ‘Yongyou 1593’, ‘Zhengdan 958’ and ‘Xianyu 335’were selected and planted with five densities (60000, 67500, 75000, 82500 and 90000 plants/hm²). The changes of 8 yield characters, and 4 plant characters and 3 kernel quality characters at different growth stages were determined. The results showed that the yield first increased and then decreased with the increase of planting density, and the yield reached the highest when the density was 75000 plants/hm². The plant height, ear position and leaf area index (LAI) increased gradually, while 100-kernel weight and leaf area per plant (LA) decreased gradually. From the beginning of the jointing stage, LA and LAI increased significantly and reached the maximum in the pollinating stage; 100-kernel weight increased rapidly at the early stage of grain filling, but the dry matter accumulation of plant decreased gradually, so did the LAI and LA. The crude starch content (CT), crude protein content (CP), and crude fat content (CF) of maize kernels had significant differences among the varieties, and were influenced by both kernel development and planting density. ‘Yongyou 1573’ had higher CP, ‘Xianyu 335’ had higher CT, and ‘Zhengdan 958’ had higher CF. Therefore, the high yield and the high nutritional quality of maize can be obtained by increasing the planting density appropriately and integrating water and fertilizer management in field.