河北省苹果园生草现状及土壤-树体-果实的综合效应

为明确河北省苹果园行间生草现状，探究草种适应性，为河北省果园生草栽培技术的推广与应用提供依据。采用调研的方法探究河北省果园行间生草的现状；在邢台市浆水镇富士苹果园，设置清耕、苜蓿、白三叶和自然生草4个处理，测定土壤有机质、无机氮、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、储水量和土壤酶活性等土壤性状，分析叶绿素、叶面积和新梢长等树体生长指标以及产量、果实品质。结果表明，河北省果园以清耕管理为主，生草园占31.96%,其中自然生草园占25.77%,人工生草园占6.19%;自然生草园草种选择更多样化；果农对生草认知缺乏且获知途径单一。自然生草显著提高0～20 cm和20～40 cm土壤有机质的积累，分别为15.46 g/kg和8.85 g/kg;苜蓿与白三叶显著增加了0～20 cm土层土壤无机氮、有效磷、速效钾含量，且对0～40 cm土层储水量有显著影响。白三叶与自然生草显著提高叶片叶绿素SPAD值，苜蓿与自然生草则显著增加了叶面积，苜蓿与白三叶显著增加了新梢长，连续6年生草老园叶绿素SPAD值(58.96)、叶面积(18.57cm²)以及新梢长(28.00 cm)均显著高于其他处理。苜蓿、白三叶与自然生草显著增产7.21%～13.40%。连续6年生草老园果实Vc(182.20 mg/kg)和可溶性糖(16.93%)显著高于各处理，可滴定酸(0.309%)显著低于清耕。河北省生草技术普及度低，行间种植苜蓿与白三叶能改善土壤性状、促进树体生长，改善果品品质、增加果品产出，因此推荐河北省苹果园种植豆科植物苜蓿和白三叶。

Situation of grass cultivation in apple orchards and comprehensive effects of soil-tree-fruit in Hebei Province

Objective of the present study was to clarify the current situation of apple orchards under sod cultivation management systems in Hebei Province, explored the adaptability of grass species, and provided basis for the promotion and application of grass cultivation technology in apple orchards in Hebei Province. The present situation of inter-row grass in orchards in Hebei Province was studied by investigation. In the Fuji apple orchard of Jiangshui Town, Xingtai City, four treatments were set up: clean tillage, alfalfa, white clover and natural grass. Soil properties such as soil organic matter, mechanical nitrogen, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, water storage and soil enzyme activity were measured, and tree growth indexes such as chlorophyll, leaf area and new shoot length, yield and fruit quality were analyzed. The results showed that the orchards in Hebei Province were mainly managed by clear tillage, the grassland accounted for 31.96%, of which the natural grassland accounted for 25.77% and the artificial grassland accounted for 6.19%. The selection of natural grass species was more diversified. Fruit farmers lacked awareness of grass cultivation technology and single way to know. Natural grass significantly increased the accumulation of soil organic matter at 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm, which were 15.46 g/kg and 8.85 g/kg, respectively. Alfalfa and white clover significantly increased the contents of inorganic nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in 0-20 cm soil layer, and had significant indigenous effects on water storage in 0-40 cm soil layer. White clover and natural grass significantly increased the chlorophyll SPAD value of leaves, while alfalfa and natural grass significantly increased the leaf area. Alfalfa and white clover significantly increased the shoot length. The chlorophyll SPAD(58.96), leaf area(18.57 cm²) and shoot length(28.00 cm) of continuous perennial grass garden were significantly higher than other treatments. The yield of alfalfa, white clover and natural grass increased by 7.21%-13.40%.Vc(182.20 mg/kg) and soluble sugar(16.93%) in the fruits of 6-year-old grassland were significantly higher than those of each treatment, and titratable acid(0.309%) was significantly lower than that of clean tillage. The popularization of grass technology in Hebei Province was low. Inter-row planting of alfalfa and white clover could improve soil properties, promote tree growth, improve fruit quality and increase fruit output. Therefore, it was recommended to plant legume alfalfa and white clover in apple orchards in Hebei Province.