Reproductive success of farmed blue foxes |
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Authors: | Ilukha V A Harri M Rekilä T |
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Affiliation: | Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia Department of Applied Zoology and Veterinary Medicine, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. |
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Abstract: | SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to provide basic data for the different components of reproductive performance of blue foxes under farm conditions. The foxes were mated naturally and the perinatal mortality of cubs was carefully recorded. This data allowed the evaluation of the effect of females' age and differences between years, and the maternal and paternal components of reproductive success. Generally the results were similar for all four years of the study. Altogether 2047 females (84.8 % of the total) gave birth to 22 941 cubs, of which 5.9% were stillborn and 11.4% died before weaning. Only in a very few cases (1.3%) was it the whole litter that was lost, and more commonly, there were some cub losses in almost one-half of the litters (46.9%). Abnormal birth and abortion of a part of a litter contributed most to reproductive failure of the vixen. Infanticide played a minimal role as a cause of postnatal cub mortality (0.3%). Death of the vixen was extremely rare. One half of all parturitions were dated between May 14 and May 28 and May 8 and May 20, for primiparous and multiparous vixens, respectively. Thus the parturitions peaked 5 days earlier (p < 0.001, median test) for multiparous vixens. The litter size was smaller and cub losses were higher for primiparous vixens than for multiparous ones. With a few exceptions, the age of the father or date of birth did not affect litter size or cub mortality. Postnatal cub mortality (y, %) decreased with age of the cub (x, days) and can be described by a simple equation: y = 15.3 - 11.2 log x, r(2) = 0.933. Fractional cub mortality increased with increasing litter size. Despite being significant, this increase was modest in extent. Low h(2) -values were observed for litter size at birth. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Der Zweck dieser Untersuchung war es, Basisinformation über verschiedene Komponenten der Reproduktion bei farmgezüchteten Blaufüchsen zu gewinnen. Die F?hen wurden naturlich gepaart. Eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit wurde der perinatalen Jungsterblichkeit gewidmet. Im allgemeinen waren die Ergebnisse für alle vier Jahre der Untersuchung gleich. Insgesamt 2 047 F?hen (84.8% von) warfen 22 941 Jungen. Von diesen wurden 5.6% totgeboren, und 11.4% starben sp?ter. Nur sehr selten war der ganze Wurf verloren (1.3%), aber Verluste fanden fast in der H?lfte der Würfe (46.9%) statt. Abnormale Geburt und Abort waren die h?ufigsten Ursachen der Geburtsprobleme der F?hen. Nur sehr selten brachte die F?he ihre Jungen um (0.3%). Ebenso selten war ein Tod der F?he. Eine H?lfte der Geburten fanden zwischen 14 und 28 Mai, bei Jungf?hen und zwischen 8 und 20 Mai bei ?lteren statt. Die Jungf?hen hatten kleinere Würfe und h?here Jungverluste als die Altf?hen, wobei die Rüden fast keinen Einflu? hatten. Die postnatale Jungsterblichkeit (y, %) nahm mit Alter der Jungen (x, Tage) rasch ab, und kann mit einer einfachen Gleichung dargestellt werden: y = 15.3 - 11.2 log x, r(2) = 0.933. Jungsterblichkeit nahm mit der Gr?sse des Wurfes zu. Diese Wirkung war statistisch significant, zwar klein in Quantit?t. Die Heritabilit?tswerte (h(2) ) der Wurfgr?sse waren klein. |
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