不同来源有机物料对菜用蚕豆生长和品质及根际土壤性状的影响

通过盆栽试验，分析了不同来源有机物料(鸡粪、牛粪、菇渣)对菜用蚕豆生长和品质、根际土化学和生物学性状的影响。结果表明：①3种有机物料对蚕豆分枝数、荚干重、籽粒干重、大粒重、大粒蚕豆占比、籽粒淀粉含量均有积极作用，其中牛粪和菇渣能显著(P<0.05)提高大粒蚕豆占比，鸡粪能显著(P<0.05)提高二粒荚和三粒荚的占比，并且对籽粒淀粉含量的提升效果最为明显(比对照增加69.1%)；②3种有机物料增加了根际土中细菌、真菌数量，显著(P<0.05)提高了根际土中性转化酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶活性(除牛粪使中性转化酶活性提高不显著外)，其中鸡粪对细菌数量、中性转化酶活性、脲酶活性的提高程度均最大；③鸡粪能显著(P<0.05)增加根际土有机碳、全氮、NH₄⁺-N含量，牛粪、鸡粪能显著(P<0.05)提高土壤pH。大粒蚕豆占比与土壤酸性磷酸酶活性、有效磷含量呈显著正相关。蚕豆淀粉含量与细菌数量、中性转化酶活性、有机碳、全氮、NH₄⁺-N含量呈显著正相关，这说明有机物料的施用可能为细菌生长提供了更多的碳源和能源，导致细菌数量增加。细菌是酶的重要产生者，细菌数量的增加可能提高了碳氮循环相关酶(中性转化酶、脲酶)的产生量和活性，从而使更多的有机氮转变为无机氮(NH₄⁺-N)，提高了土壤养分(NH₄⁺-N、全氮)水平，进而提高了蚕豆营养品质。

Effects of Organic Materials from Different Sources on Growth and Quality of Vegetable Broad Beans and Properties of Rhizosphere Soil

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of organic materials from different sources (chicken manure, cow manure, and mushroom residue) on the growth and quality of vegetable broad bean, and the chemical and biological properties of rhizosphere soil. The results showed that: 1) Organic materials had positive effects on the number of branches, pod dry weight, kernel dry weight, large-kernel dry weight, percent of large-kernel and kernel starch content. Cow manure or mushroom residue significantly (P<0.05) increased the percentage of large-kernel. Chicken manure significantly (P<0.05) increased the percentages of two-kernel pod and three-kernel pod, and also resulted in the largest increase in the starch content of kernel (69.1% higher than that of the control). 2) Organic materials not only increased the quantity of rhizosphere bacteria and fungi, but also significantly (P<0.05) increased the activities of neutral invertase, urease, acid phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase in rhizosphere soil (except an insignificant increase of neutral invertase by cattle manure treatment). Chicken manure led to the greatest increase in bacterial quantity, and neutral invertase and urease activities. 3) Chicken manure significantly (P<0.05) increased the contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, and NH₄⁺-N in rhizosphere soil. Cattle manure and chicken manure significantly (P<0.05) increased soil pH. The proportion of large kernel was positively correlated with soil acid phosphatase activity and available phosphorus content. Starch content of kernel was positively correlated with the quantity of bacteria, the activity of neutral invertase, and the contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, and NH₄⁺-N. The above results indicated that organic materials can provide more C and energy for bacteria, and hence lead to an increase in bacterial quantity. Bacteria are important producers of enzymes. The increase of bacterial quantity can increase the production and activities of enzymes (neutral invertase and urease) related with carbon and nitrogen cycles, result in more conversion from organic nitrogen to inorganic nitrogen (NH₄⁺-Nthen increase soil nutrient (NH₄⁺-N, total nitrogen) levels, and thus lead to improvement of the nutritional quality of broad bean.