我国主要粮食作物一次性施肥的长期效应研究进展

一次性施肥是农业轻简化生产的迫切需求，一次性施肥在我国主要粮食作物上的短期应用研究较多，但缺乏长期效应分析，探明一次性施肥长期施用对三大粮食作物产量、土壤肥力、氮肥利用率及环境效应的影响，可为我国农业轻简化绿色可持续生产提供支撑。本研究利用“中国知网”数据库对三大粮食作物上进行一次性施肥的所有文献(截至2021年12月20日)进行检索，分析一次性施肥连续施用5 a及5 a以上对三大粮食作物产量、土壤肥力和氮肥利用率的影响，以及一次性施肥连续施用3 a及3 a以上对农田生态环境的影响。与普通尿素分次施肥相比，一次性施肥连续施用5 a及以上使小麦、玉米和水稻的产量分别提高 4.9% ~ 19.6%、0 ~ 14.4%、0 ~ 17.6%，氮肥利用率分别提高 24.2% ~ 52.0%、14.3% ~ 80.3%、4.4% ~ 80.7%，土壤全氮、有机质、无机氮(NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N)含量分别提高 0 ~ 8.7%、0 ~ 6.7%、0 ~ 23.8%，3.8% ~ 11.8%、0 ~ 6.4%、0 ~ 16.6% 和 0 ~ 77.2%、0 ~ 66.3%、0 ~ 42.4%；一次性施肥连续施用3 a及以上的小麦、玉米和水稻农田N₂O排放、NH₃挥发分别降低 16.9% ~ 43.3%、5.1% ~ 56.0%、5.6% ~ 43.2% 和 18.6% ~ 37.6%、6.1% ~ 52.4%、37.2% ~ 66.0%。一次性施肥在三大粮食作物连续应用可长期维持土壤肥力和作物产量，同时提高氮肥利用率和降低氮素损失。

Progress of Long-term Effects of One-off Fertilization on Major Food Crops in China

One-off fertilization is an urgent need for light and simplified agricultural production in China. The long-term effects of controlled-release fertilizers are less reported in comparation with those of short-term effects, thus, this study aims to explore the effects of long-term application of one-off controlled-release urea on the yields, soil fertilities, nitrogen use efficiencies and environmental effects of the major food crops to provide the supports for the light and green sustainable production of agriculture in China. We collected the related papers (as of December 20, 2021) from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database (http://www.cnki.net/) and analyzed the effects of controlled-release urea (CRU) continuous application for five years or more on the yields, soil fertilities, and nitrogen use efficiencies of three major food crops (wheat, maize and rice) as well as the effects of CRU continuous application for three years or more on the ecological environment of farmlands. Compared with the normal urea split application, CRU continuous application for 5 years or more can increase the yields of wheat, maize and rice by 4.9%-19.6%, 0-14.4% and 0-17.6%, nitrogen use efficiencies by 24.2%-52.0%, 14.3%-80.3%, 4.4%-80.7%, soil total nitrogen by 0-8.7%, 0-6.7% and 0-23.8%, organic matter by 3.8%-11.8%, 0-6.4% and 0-16.6%, and inorganic nitrogen (NO₃^--N, NH₄⁺-N) by 0-77.2%, 0-66.3% and 0-42.4%, respectively. While CRU continuous application for three years or more can reduce N₂O emission by 16.9%-43.3%, 5.1%-56.0%, 5.6%-43.2% and NH₃ volatilization by 18.6%-37.6%, 6.1%-52.4%, 37.2%-66.0%, respectively in wheat, maize and rice fields. In conclusion, one-off CRU application continuously can not only maintain soil fertility and crop yield in the long term, but also improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce N losses for the three major food crops.