Effects of mechanical and chemical methods on weed control,weed seed rain and crop yield in maize,sunflower and soyabean |
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| Institution: | 1. Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia;2. Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines;3. The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704-6898, USA;4. Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Hyderabad, India;1. Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Hainan, China;2. Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada;1. Division of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India;2. Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, 221 005, India;1. National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology, Legnaro, PD, Italy;2. Applied Plant Research, Wageningen University, Lelystad, The Netherlands;3. Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia;4. Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany;5. Veneto Agricoltura, Legnaro, PD, Italy;1. Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Faculty, University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkey;2. Agricultural Systems and Engineering, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand;3. Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey;4. Agricultural Research Institute, Kahramanmaras, Turkey;5. Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Northeast Research and Extension Center, Concord, NE, USA;6. Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, Queensland, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Eight field experiments with maize (Zea mays L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were carried out in central Italy in order to evaluate the effects of mechanical and chemical methods (spring-tine harrowing, hoeing, hoeing-ridging, split-hoeing, finger-weeding, herbicides in the row + inter-row hoeing, herbicides broadcast) on weed control, weed seed rain and crop yield. The choice of chemical and mechanical treatments in maize and soyabean compared to sunflower, required to be managed more carefully in order to maximize the weed control reducing yield losses. A global rating of weed control methods, based on their weed control efficacy, was obtained as useful means to assist farmers and technicians to choose the more appropriate weed control method. The combination of herbicides intra-row and hoeing inter-row gave best efficacy (on average 99% of weed control), with a 50% reduction in the chemical load in the environment. Hoeing-ridging gave good results, both inter- and intra-row (on average 93% of weed control); this method was also effective in reducing competitive ability and seed production of uncontrolled weeds. Split-hoeing or finger-weeding showed some limitations giving satisfactory results only when combined. Harrowing gave lowest weed control, although when combined to other mechanical methods, can help achieve a better efficacy. |
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| Keywords: | Integrated weed management Mechanical inter and intra-row weed control Maize Sunflower Soyabean Weed seed rain |
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