植物源农药印楝素的研究与应用 (特约综述)

印楝素是目前世界上最优秀的植物源农药,田间登记应用已30多年,对全球作物保护和生态安全发挥了重要的作用.本文回顾了印楝素的发现和印楝在中国引种情况,总结了印楝素结构鉴定与全合成的历程,重点介绍印楝素拒食、抑制昆虫生长发育、诱导细胞凋亡和自噬的分子作用机理以及印楝分子生物学、印楝素生物合成研究的最新进展.1983年,赵善欢等成功地将印楝引种中国,随后我国许多学者开展印楝引种与繁育,种植面积曾超过6万hm2,为我国印楝素杀虫剂的规模化生产提供了原料保障.1997年印楝素以新化合物结构作为新农药在我国登记,实现了商业化应用,2014年成为农业部推荐使用的低毒低残留农药主要品种,获得了显著的经济和生态效益.我国学者发现了印楝素诱导细胞自噬现象,阐明了印楝素诱导细胞凋亡和自噬的分子调控机理.随着强化农产品质量安全的源头控制,印楝素的研究和应用将会越来越深入普及.今后要进一步加强基础研究,明确印楝素的分子靶标,为印楝素的科学使用提供理论基础.

Research and application of botanical pesticide azadirachtin

Azadirachtin is primarily known as an effective botanical insecticide, it has been widely used in field practice for more than 30 years, and plays an important role in the global crop protection and ecological security.In this review, we traced the discovered history of azadirachtin and the situation of neem introduction, and summarized the molecular mechanism inducing autophagic apoptosis, the latest progresses of molecular mechanism and biosynthesis of azadirachtin, as well as molecular biology.The neem tree, Azadirachta indica A.Juss, was first introduced by Shin-Foon Chiu''s group into China in 1983, and then Chinese scholars made great efforts to introduce and breed neem tree, planted more than sixty thousand hectares of neem trees, which provided material guarantee for the large-scale production of azadirachtin pesticide in China.The commercial application of azadirachtin was authorized by China''s Ministry of Agriculture(CMA) as a new insecticide in 1997.Azadirachtin had become the main low toxicity and low residue pesticide recommended by CMA in 2014, and resulted in good social and ecological benefits.Chinese scholars discovered that azadirachtin could induce autophagy in insect cell, and illuminated the molecular regulation mechanism of apoptosis and autophagy induced by azadirachtin.As strengthening the source control of quality and safety for agricultural product, the research and application of azadirachtin will be more and more widespread.The basic research should be intensified for future work to find out the molecular target of azadirachtin, which will provide a theoretical basis for scientifical application of azadirachtin.