新引进苹果矮化砧木的叶片解剖结构及抗旱性

【目的】研究5种苹果矮化中间砧的叶片解剖结构，筛选出抗旱性强的砧木组合，为生产上苹果砧木的栽培利用及杂交育种中砧木亲本的选择提供依据。【方法】以从法国新引进的矮化砧木1号、2号、3号、4号及当前生产上应用较多的M26（5号）为中间砧，八棱海棠为基砧培育的2年生苹果苗为供试材料，通过盆栽试验，研究正常生长（对照）和自然干旱胁迫下5种矮化砧木组合的旱害指数和叶片的解剖结构特征，采用石蜡制片法和光学显微镜技术测定叶片上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、栅海比、叶片栅栏组织结构紧密度和叶片海绵组织结构疏松度等与抗旱相关的解剖结构特征参数，并采用隶属函数法对各砧木组合的抗旱性强弱进行综合评价。【结果】1号组合达到中度水分胁迫后40 d达到5级旱害，2号组合达到中度水分胁迫后24 d即达到5级旱害；达到中度水分胁迫40 d后，1号组合的旱害指数最低，其次为4号组合，2号组合的旱害指数最高。在水分胁迫下，5号组合叶片上表皮最厚，3号组合的最薄，其中2号与4号组合的上表皮厚度较对照大幅增加，3号组合大幅下降，1号与5号组合降幅不大；叶片下表皮厚度以2号组合最厚,3号组合最薄，其中2号与4号组合下表皮厚度较对照大幅增加，3号与5号组合大幅下降，1号组合降幅不大；4号组合叶片厚度最厚，3号组合最薄，其中1号、3号、5号组合叶片厚度较对照大幅下降，4号大幅升高，2号降幅不大；4号栅栏组织最厚，较对照大幅升高， 3号组合栅栏组织厚度最小，2号组合栅栏组织厚度降幅较小，1号、3号、5号组合均降幅较大；海绵组织最厚的为2号组合，最薄的为1号组合，其中1号、3号和5号组合海绵组织厚度较对照大幅下降，2号和4号组合略有上升；1号、4号、5号组合的栅海比较对照均上升，且1号最大，2号、3号组合的栅海比略有下降；1号和4号组合有较高的叶片栅栏组织结构紧密度和较低的叶片海绵组织结构疏松度。【结论】采用隶属函数法对5种苹果砧木组合抗旱性的综合评价为：1号>4号>2号>5号>3号。

Relationship between leaf anatomical structures and drought resistance of newly introduced apple dwarf rootstocks

【Objective】 The research was to study the antomical structures of 5 species apple drawf rootstocks to select the combination of strong drought-resistance of the stocks,which would provide a basis for cultivation and utilization of production and cross breeding of the selected parents.【Method】 Experimental materials were 4 apple drawingstocks(F1,F2,F3,F4)which were introduced from France,and M26(No.5) which is one of the most widely used inter-stocks in agricultural production at present,and Malus prunifolia(Willd.) Borkh was grown two-year old as rootstock variety.Potted experiments were used to study dought index and anatomical structures of continuous soil drought stress and natural growth.The thickness of the upper cuticle,thickness of the low cuticle,leaf thickness,palisade tissue thickness,spongy tissue thickness,palisade tissue and spongy tissue ratio,tightness of leaf palisade tissue structure,looseness of leaf sponge tissue structure were measured by the way of permanent paraffin section and photics microscope photography,and drought resistance value of the 5 apple rootstocks combinations were calculated to compare by the method of membership functions.【Result】 The combination 1 reached drought hazard of grade 5 after 40 d moderate moisture stress,combination 2 reached drought hazard of grade 5 after 24 d moderate moisture stress;drought index of combination 1 was the lowest and combinations 2 was the highest after 40 d moderate moisture stress.Under water stress,combination 5 had the biggest thickness of upper cuticle,combination 3 had the smallest,the thickness of upper cuticle of combination 2 and 4 increased more,combination 3 dropped and combination 1 and 5 didn’t change greatly compared with CK;Combination 2 had the biggest thickness of low cuticle,combination 3 the smallest,the low cuticle combination 2 and 4 increased more,combination 3 and 5 dropped and combination 1 did not change largely compared with CK;combination 4 had the largest thickness of leaf,combination 3 was the smallest,the leaf thickness of conbination 1,3 and 5 dropped,combination 4 increased more and combination 2 did not change largely compared with CK;combination 4 had the biggest palisade tissue thickness,and combination 3 had the smallest,the palisade tissue thickness of combination increased more,combination 2 did not change largely,the rest of 3 all dropped compared with CK;the biggest spongy tissue thickness was combination 2,the smallest combination 1,and they increased slightly,the rest of 3 dropped compared with CK;palisade tissue and spongy tissue ratio of combination 1,4 and 5 increased more and the rest of 3 declined slighly compared with CK;both combination 1 and 4 had the large tightness of leaf palisade tissue structure and small looseness of leaf spongy tissue structure.【Conclusion】 The order of drought resistance of the 5 combinations of apple rootstocks with membership functions is:1>4>2>5>3.