日本和美国社区支持型农业的发展及其启示

社区支持型农业(CSA)是可持续农业的重要形式之一，近几年在国内逐渐受到人们关注，为借鉴日本和美国CSA发展的经验教训，促进中国CSA健康发展和城乡互补。为此，重点介绍了CSA在两国的发展历程及趋势，分析了兴衰背后的社会原因及其启示，并探讨了中国发展社区支持农业的潜在需求。研究得出：CSA最早产生的日本，随着有机农场的减少，以及社会经济变化等原因，CSA已经变得日益衰落；而在其后CSA兴起的美国却迎合了广大民众的需求得以蓬勃发展，并且功能形式日趋灵活多样，农场平均规模趋于减小。CSA的兴起和发展与其社会背景紧密相关，CSA多数提倡采用机生产方式同时兼备多种功能，其发展遵循平等互利、规模适度等原则，外部支援和参与有助于增强其发展活力。这对中国CSA和持续农业发展具有借鉴意义。该文从维护农民利益、保障市民需求及城乡一体化等角度，认为CSA是中国发展可持续农业、实现城乡协调发展的一条“绿色通道”。

The Development of CSA in Japan and the United States and Its Enlightenment to China

Community Supported Agriculture （CSA） as a sustainable way of farming is now invoking more and more interests in China. To learn the lessons of CSA in the Japan and America, so as to encourage CSA and coordinating urban-rural development in China, the history, recent trends and social context were briefly introduced, and the potential demands in China were discussed. The studies indicated that the Teikei which was the Japanese version of CSA was facing stagnation and decline for a reduction in the number of former organic farmers and the changes in society. In comparison, it had undergone rapid growth in the United States during the three decades for it pandered to public taste. The average farm size had decreased and flexible and diversified forms have emerged. CSA was closely related to its background of forming and developing. Many CSAs were formed by groups of people who interested in getting organic produce from farms. CSA possessed multi-functions as well. They were principles of mutual assistance, democratic management and maintaining the appropriate group scale and so on. To accept no outside help may enhance the vitality and dynamics for CSA development. All of these have good reference significance to China. This paper from the interests of Chinese farmers, the needs of citizen and the coordinating of urban-rural relationship perspective, considered that CSA as a green channel for reaching the objectives of sustainable agriculture and coordinated development of urban and rural areas.