美国城市公园使用评价指标ParkIndex的开发应用与启示

城市公园具有社会、经济、生态和健康等多种效益。对城市公园使用潜力进行科学评价，有利于改善城市公共空间服务水平，对居民生活质量提升具有重要意义。梳理了美国ParkIndex指数开发过程内容和实践，ParkIndex开发主要包括3个过程：ParkIndex原型开发、关键人物访谈和试点测试。最终形成的 ParkIndex 指数模型包含 3 个变量，分别是 0.804 km（0.5 mile）内公园数量、0.804 km（0.5 mile）内公园总面积和0.804 km（0.5 mile）内公园平均质量指数。随后，在纽约布鲁克林某社区进行实践，研究变量改变对ParkIndex值的影响；并对其应用领域与未来发展方向进行探讨。为我国开发城市公园使用评价体系提出启示：采用定性与定量相结合的研究方法成为趋势；建立完善、科学的城市空间数据库；城市公园使用评价指标体系应具有高适应性和有效性；城市公园使用评价需纳入多方意见，以人为本。

The ParkIndex System in USA and Its Inspirations

Urban parks have social, economic, ecological and health benefits. Scientific evaluation of urban park use potential is beneficial to improve the service level of urban public space and is of great significance to the improvement of residents'' life quality. This paper reviews the development process of ParkIndex and its practice. The development of ParkIndex includes three processes, respectively, developing the prototype of ParkIndex, conducting key informant interviews and pilot tests. The resulting ParkIndex model contains three variables, namely, the number of parks, total park acreage, and average park quality score within 0.804 km (one half-mile). Then, a practice was carried out in a community in Brooklyn, New York, to study the influence of variable change on ParkIndex value. Its application field and future development direction are also discussed. Finally, the paper provides inspirations for the development of urban park use evaluation system in China: the combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods become a trend; establish perfect and scientific urban spatial database; the evaluation index system of urban park use should have high adaptability and effectiveness; the evaluation of urban park use should include many opinions and be people-oriented.