猪不同生长阶段肠道微生物组的变化及其影响因素

肠道是机体重要的消化与免疫器官，维持肠道健康对猪的生长发育和疾病预防具有十分重要的意义。高通量测序技术的发展极大地促进了人们对肠道微生物功能的认知，猪肠道微生物组的研究正逐步成为热点。目前，尽管对某一生长阶段猪的肠道微生物组已有较为深入的理解，但仍缺乏有关商品猪整个生命周期范围内肠道微生物组动态变化的全面纵向研究。而从出生到出栏，猪在整个生长周期内的肠道微生物组并不是一成不变的，是一个动态的发育过程。作者综述了猪哺乳期、断奶期、育肥期和妊娠期等从出生到育肥过程中不同阶段肠道微生物组的纵向变化及其主要影响因素：一方面，肠道微生物群落结构的显著变化主要发生在断奶期；另一方面，虽然肠道微生物组成随着时间始终在不断变化，但仍有一部分优势菌是一直存在的，这部分优势菌被称为核心菌群，而只在特定时期才出现的菌只是胃肠道中的"过客"，也最易受外界因素影响。肠道微生物组与多种因素相关，如年龄、饮食、环境、抗生素使用等，其中饮食对塑造肠道微生物起到至关重要的作用。本文可为理解猪在不同生长发育阶段肠道微生物的动态变化规律及改善猪生长性能和健康水平的微生物技术手段提供理论参考。

Changes of Intestinal Microbiome and Its Influencing Factors at Different Growth Stages in Pigs

Intestinal tract is an important digestive and immune organ of the body.Maintaining intestinal health is important for pig growth and disease prevention.The development of high-throughput sequencing technology has greatly promoted people’s understanding of intestinal microbial function,and the research of pig intestinal microbiome is gradually becoming a hot spot.At present,although the intestinal microbiome of pigs at a certain growth stage has been well understood,there is still a lack of comprehensive longitudinal studies on the dynamic changes of intestinal microbiome in the whole life cycle of commercial pigs.However,from birth to marketing,the intestinal microbiome of pigs in the whole growth cycle is not constant,but a dynamic development process.In this paper,the longitudinal changes of intestinal microflora and its main influencing factors in different stages from birth to fattening of pigs during lactation,weaning,fattening and pregnancy were reviewed.It was found that the significant changes of intestinal microbial community structure mainly occurred in the weaning period.At the same time,although the composition of intestinal microorganisms was constantly changing over time,there were still some dominant bacteria.This part of microor-ganisms is called the core flora,and the bacteria that only appear in a specific period are only“passers-by”in the gastrointestinal tract,and they are also the most vulnerable to external factors.Intestinal microbiome is related to many factors,such as age,diet,environment,antibiotic use,etc.,among which diet plays an important role in shaping intestinal microflora.This paper provided a theoretical reference for understanding the dynamic changes of intestinal microflora in pigs at different growth and development stages,and using the technology on microorganisms to improve pig growth performance and health level.