Proteolytic activity in soil: A review |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;2. Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Center of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;3. Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;4. Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;5. Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK;6. Ecosystems Services and Management Program (ESM), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria;7. Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria;1. Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki, Finland;2. Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 48, Helsinki, Finland;3. Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, Finland;4. Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, Helsinki, Finland;5. Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;1. College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China;2. College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China;3. Chishan State-owned Protective Forest Farm, Dongshan County, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363400, PR China;1. Dept. of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, Germany;2. Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia;3. Dept. of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Göttingen, Germany;4. Institute of Environmental Science, Kazan Federal University, 420049, Kazan, Russia;1. Department of Biotechnology Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India;2. Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut 250004, Uttar Pradesh, India;3. Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh 123029, Haryana, India |
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| Abstract: | The aim of this work is to review current knowledge on inputs, sources and regulation of protease activities in soils from different ecosystems, while exploring limitations to proteolysis and N mineralisation. Extracellular proteases enter the soil via microbial production and other sources, including plant root exudates, animal excrements, decomposition processes and leaching from agro-industrial fertilisers. The synthesis and activities of proteases in soil are regulated by many factors, including climate, soil properties and the presence of organic compounds of plant and microbial origin. Two particularly important areas for future research are the regulation of proteolysis by low-molecular-weight organic compounds, including amino acids, sugars, flavonoids, plant hormones and siderophores, as well as the identification and characterisation of proteinaceous protease inhibitors of plant and microbial origin in the soil. Despite all the work that has been performed on soil proteases, our understanding of the roles of extracellular plant root proteases in N nutrition is weak. Furthermore, the regulation of soil proteolytic activities of different ecosystems, especially in terms of pollutant inputs and the impact of climate change, requires investigation. Other areas that pose important questions for the future include assessments of protease inhibitor inputs to the soil, regulation of these inhibitors via naturally occurring soil organic compounds and the interactions between soil organisms. |
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| Keywords: | Soil proteases Trypsin inhibitors Entomopathogenic fungi Proteolytic gene expression |
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