Evaluating the Clinical and Cardiopulmonary Effects of Clove Oil and Propofol in Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) |
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| Authors: | Mark A. Mitchell Shannon M. Riggs C. Bradley Singleton Orlando Diaz-Figueroa Lorrie K. Hale |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA;2. Denham Springs Animal Hospital, Denham Springs, LA USA;1. Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA;2. Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;1. Austin Veterinary Emergency and Specialty Center, Austin, TX USA, the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA;2. Blue Pearl Veterinary Specialists, Tacoma, WA USA, and the Zoological Medicine Service, WR Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA;1. Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA USA;2. Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA USA;3. Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA USA;4. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA.;1. Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, USA;2. Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD, USA;3. Watershed Protection Department, City of Austin, 505 Barton Spring Road, Austin, TX, USA |
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| Abstract: | Our understanding of clinical anesthesia for amphibians is limited. This study represents the first attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of clove oil and propofol as anesthetic agents for tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). Twelve apparently healthy adult tiger salamanders were anesthetized in a water bath containing clove oil (450 mg/L of water). After a 2-week wash-out period, 11 of the salamanders were used to evaluate the effectiveness of propofol as an anesthetic agent. Propofol was administered intracoelomically at a dose of 25 mg/kg (n = 5) or 35 mg/kg (n = 6). Heart and respiratory rates were monitored at 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 30-, 40-, 50-, 60-, 70-, 80-, 90-, 100-, 120-, 150-, and 180-minute intervals after exposure to the anesthetics. Righting, escape, corneal, superficial pain, and deep pain reflexes were also monitored at these time intervals and ranked as (1) normal, (2) slow, or (3) absent. Surgical anesthesia was determined to be when all of the reflexes were lost. Clove oil produced a surgical level of anesthesia in 67% (8/12) of the salamanders. Propofol administered at 25 mg/kg produced surgical anesthesia in 40% (2/5) of the salamanders, whereas propofol at 35 mg/kg produced surgical anesthesia in 83% (5/6) of the animals. Clove oil did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect respiratory rate at any time, but did decrease heart rate significantly (P < 0.05) after 30 minutes. Propofol produced a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the respiratory rate at both doses. Heart rate was also found to decrease significantly (P < 0.05) for propofol at 25 mg/kg after 90 minutes and for propofol at 35 mg/kg at 60 minutes and after 80 minutes. Both clove oil and propofol were found to provide a surgical plane of anesthesia for tiger salamanders. However, clove oil provided more rapid onset of the desired level of anesthesia with a longer duration. Although the intracoelomic route for propofol was effective, the time to surgical anesthesia was prolonged. These anesthetics show promise and may prove useful to veterinarians or field biologists working with urodelans. |
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