华北夏谷区2001—2015年谷子育种变化

【目的】对华北夏谷区近15年谷子区域试验数据进行分析，探讨谷子育种变化趋势，为谷子品种改良提供参考。【方法】利用2001—2015年华北夏谷区参试品种的主要农艺性状数据，研究其变化规律；以通过鉴定的51个育成品种为材料进行分析，并与15年间华北地区谷子生长季6—9月份气候因素进行相关分析，梳理通过鉴定的51个品种的类型。【结果】2001—2015年华北夏谷区区域试验参试品种各农艺性状在年度间变异较大，随着年份的推移，产量、生育期、株高、穗长、单穗重和穗粒重持续增加，千粒重基本不变，公顷穗数略有下降。51个通过鉴定品种的整体变化趋势与所有参试品种的变化趋势基本一致。51个通过鉴定品种间产量、生育期、株高、穗长、千粒重和公顷穗数差异极显著，单穗重、穗粒重和出谷率差异不显著。华北夏谷区谷子生育期气候趋向于暖湿的变化趋势。通过鉴定的品种产量和生育期、单穗重、穗粒重呈极显著正相关，与最低温、降水量呈极显著负相关。最低温、最高温、降水量、生育期、穗粒重、出谷率决定谷子产量85.17%的变异。对产量贡献较大且为负效应的是最低温，为正效应的是最高温。近几年谷子育种水平有所提高，品种类型较丰富多样，抗除草剂品种和优质米类型逐渐增多，反映了轻简栽培和优质是目前的主要育种方向。但是以冀谷19、豫谷1、冀谷25等3个主干品种为亲本来源的品种数为26个，占杂交选育品种的57.8%，育成品种亲本范围相对较窄的问题越来越严重。【结论】2001—2015年华北夏谷区区域试验育成品种产量有所提高，品种类型较丰富多样，育种水平取得一定的进步。然而，造成产量显著差异的原因主要取决于气候因素，而且品种培育的亲本选择狭窄可能是育种突破的关键瓶颈。在今后的育种过程中，要从亲本创制和选择着手，丰富亲本类型；提高品种穗粒重和出谷率，以适应气候变化，提高夏谷产量。

The Alterations of Foxtail Millet Breeding in North China Summer-Sowing Region from 2001 to 2015

【Objective】By analyzing the yield and agronomic traits alterations of foxtail millet cultivars tested in North China summer-sowing region from the latest 15 years, the change trend in millet breeding level was elucidated to provide references for the future development of foxtail millet cultivars.【Method】The main agronomic traits data of foxtail millet cultivars in North China summer-sowing region from 2001 to 2015 was used to reveal the changing rule of foxtail millet breeding. Correlation analysis between climatic factors and agronomic traits of foxtail millet cultivars tested from 2001 to 2015 was conducted. The types of foxtail millet cultivars were classified.【Result】The agronomic traits of the cultivars altered significantly during 2001 to 2015. As time lapse, yield, growth duration, plant height, panicle length, panicle weight and panicle grain weight increased, while 1000-grain weight decreased slightly, and panicle numbers per hectare decreased. The change trend of the main agronomic traits of the 51 foxtail millet cultivars from year 2001 to 2015 was in accordance with all tested cultivars. Variance analysis showed that yield, growth duration, plant height, panicle length, 1000-grain weight and panicle numbers per hectare were significantly different among the 51 foxtail millet cultivars, while there was no significant difference in panicle weight, panicle grain weight and percentage of grain weight per panicle. The climate trend was warm and humid in North China summer-sowing region. The yield had a higher positive correlation with the growth duration, panicle weight and panicle grain weight, but had a higher negative correlation with the lowest temperature and precipitation. 85.17% of yield variation was determined by lowest temperature, highest temperature, precipitation, growth duration, panicle grain weight and percentage of grain weight per panicle. The lowest temperature had a negative effect on yield, while the highest temperature had a positive effect on yield. The foxtail millet breeding level was progressed from 2001 to 2015, and the types of foxtail millet cultivars were abundant with more herbicide resistance cultivars and high quality cultivars, showing that the main breeding direction was simplified cultivation and quality. However, there were 26 foxtail millet cultivars with the parental source of Jigu19, Yugu1 and Jigu25. The percent was up to 57.8%, showing that the parents used in millet breeding were in a narrow scope.【Conclusion】The yield of foxtail millet cultivars in North China summer-sowing region from 2001 to 2015 was increased somewhat, the types of foxtail millet cultivars were abundant, and the foxtail millet breeding level was progressed to some extent. However, the yield difference was mainly caused by weather fluctuation. In the future, the types of parent should be immensely enriched. And the types of millet cultivars with higher grain weight and higher percentage of grain weight per panicle should be cultivated for adapting climate change and improving yield.