糜子育成品种农艺、产量及品质性状综合鉴定与评价

【目的】对近年育成糜子品种农艺性状、产量性状及品质性状进行综合评价,比较粳性和糯性糜子间的差异,分析糜子品种改良工作存在问题并提出解决方案,为中国糜子育种及产业发展提供参考。【方法】以近年育成的22个粳性糜子品种和18个糯性糜子品种为材料。田间考种获取农艺性状(生育期、株高、节数、粒色、花序色和穗形)和产量性状(千粒重、穗粒重和主穗)。室内通过正丁醇提取法测定黄色素含量、索氏抽提法测定粗脂肪含量、双波长法测定直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量、凯氏定氮法测定蛋白质含量。【结果】粳性糜子品种平均产量为3 465.5 kg·hm~(-2),变幅为2 976.0—3 915.0 kg·hm~(-2);糯性糜子品种平均产量为3 163.4 kg·hm~(-2),变幅为2 575.5—4 002.0 kg·hm~(-2)。农艺性状相关性分析表明,糜子产量与生育期、千粒重、主穗长、穗粒重之间的相关系数均达到显著水平。数据分析表明,育成品种在生育期、株高、节数、千粒重、穗粒重、主穗长、产量等方面变幅较小。粳性糜子品种黄色素含量平均为2.7 mg·kg~(-1),变幅为1.7—3.3 mg·kg~(-1);糯性糜子品种黄色素含量平均为2.4 mg·kg~(-1),变幅为2.1—2.9 mg·kg~(-1)。粳性糜子品种粗脂肪含量平均为3.6%,变幅为1.7%—5.6%;糯性糜子品种粗脂肪含量平均为4.1%,变幅为2.7%—5.5%。粳糯糜子之间黄色素含量和粗脂肪含量差异性不显著。粳性糜子品种直链淀粉含量平均为32.22%,变幅为11.31%—38.67%;支链淀粉含量平均为35.01%,变幅为21.43%—64.02%;总淀粉含量平均为67.23%,变幅为58.59%—77.87%;直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量比值平均为1.00,变幅为0.18—1.73。糯性糜子品种直链淀粉含量平均为3.69%,变幅为2.24%—5.55%;支链淀粉含量平均为57.37%,变幅为49.40%—68.01%;总淀粉含量平均为61.06%,变幅为54.18%—72.11%;直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量比值平均为0.07,变幅为0.05—0.11。其中,陇糜5号和陇糜8号直链淀粉含量较高,宁糜17号和榆糜2号直链淀粉含量适中,晋黍9号和雁黍7号直链淀粉含量较低。粳性糜子籽粒蛋白质含量平均为11.13%,变幅为9.64%—13.26%;糯性糜子籽粒蛋白质含量平均为13.72%,变幅为12.10%—15.72%,糯性糜子籽粒蛋白质含量显著高于粳性糜子。【结论】近年育成的糜子品种在多种农艺及产量性状中变幅较小,品种类型相对单一,不能满足生产和市场对糜子品种多元化需求。针对产业发展和市场需求,挖掘、利用和创新优异糜子资源,将常规育种与分子育种新技术结合,开展多元化、多目标育种,培育性状优良、抗性强、适应性广、产量高、品质优良的糜子新品种是糜子品种改良的方向。

Comprehensive Evaluation of Agronomic,Yield and Quality Traits of Broomcorn Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) Cultivars

【Objective】 In order to analyze the problems existed in broomcorn millet improvement and put forward solutions, the agronomic, yield and quality traits of non waxy and waxy broomcorn millet cultivars were evaluated. This would also provide theoretical supports for the breeding and development of broomcorn millet production. 【Method】The experimental materials were 22 non waxy broomcorn millet and 18 waxy broomcorn millet cultivars developed in recent years. The agronomic traits (growth duration, plant height, nodes, grain color, panicle color, and panicle shape) and yield traits (1000-grain weight, panicle weight and panicle size) were collected in field trials. The yellow pigment (n-butanol extraction), crude fat content (Soxhlet extraction method), amylose and amylopectin content (dual wavelength method) and protein content (Kjeldahl method) were obtained in laboratory.【Result】The average yield of non waxy broomcorn millet cultivars was 3 465.5 kg·hm^-2 (2 976.0-3 915.0 kg·hm^-2), and that of waxy broomcorn millet cultivars was 3 163.4 kg·hm^-2 (2 575.5-4 002.0 kg·hm^-2). The correlation analysis of agronomic traits showed that the correlation coefficient between yield and growth duration, 1000-grain weight, panicle size and panicle weight reached the significant level. The results showed that the growth duration, plant height, nodes, 1000-grain-weight, panicle weight, panicle size and yield of broomcorn millet cultivars were within a small range. The average yellow pigment of non waxy broomcorn millet cultivars was 2.7 mg·kg^-1 (1.7-3.3 mg·kg^-1), and that of waxy broomcorn millet cultivars was 2.4 mg·kg^-1 (2.1-2.9 mg·kg^-1). The average crude fat content of non waxy broomcorn millet cultivars was 3.6% (1.7%-5.6%), and that of waxy broomcorn millet cultivars was 4.1% (2.7%-5.5%). There was no significant difference between non waxy and waxy broomcorn millet in yellow pigment and crude fat content. The average amylose content of non waxy broomcorn millet cultivars was 32.22% (11.31%-38.67%), while the average amylopectin content was 35.01% (21.43%-64.02%). The average total starch content of non waxy broomcorn millet cultivars was 67.23% (58.59%-77.87%). The average ratio of amylose to amylopectin of non waxy broomcorn millet cultivars was 1.00 (0.18-1.73). The average amylose content of waxy broomcorn millet cultivars was 3.69% (2.24%-5.55%), while the average amylopectin content was 57.37% (49.40%-68.01%). The average total starch content of waxy broomcorn millet cultivars was 61.06% (54.18%-72.11%). The average ratio of amylose to amylopectin of waxy broomcorn millet cultivars was 0.07 (0.05-0.11). Among them, the content of amylose was higher in Longmi 5 and Longmi 8, and the content of amylose was moderate in Ningmi 17 and Yumi 2, and the content of amylose was low in Jinshu 9 and Yanshu 7. The average protein content of non waxy broomcorn millet cultivars was 11.13% (9.64%-13.26%), and that of waxy broomcorn millet cultivars was 13.72% (12.10%-15.72%). The protein content of waxy broomcorn millet was higher than that of non waxy broomcorn millet.【Conclusion】In recent years, variations in a number of agronomic and yield traits of broomcorn millet cultivars released was within a small range and the type of broomcorn millet cultivars was unitary, which could not meet the production and market demand. It is necessary to combine the traditional breeding method with the new molecular breeding technology in mining, utilizing and innovating the excellent millet resources. The direction of improvement of millet cultivars is to develop new cultivars with excellent traits, strong resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, wide adaptability, high yield and good quality.