染色体涂染技术与动物分子细胞遗传学的建立和发展

染色体涂染 （ Ｃｈｒｏｍ ｓｏｍ ｅ ｐａｉｎｔｉｎｇ） 是一项在分子细胞遗传学水平上检测染色体重组和畸变的新技术， 包括染色体涂染 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 探针制备和荧光标记原位杂交两部分。制备染色体涂染 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 探针可通过流式细胞分类法， 克隆基因库或体细胞杂交株， 以及染色体显微切割和 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 扩增等途径， 现侧重综述近几年国际上用染色体显微切割和 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 扩增的方法制备探针进行家畜染色体涂染的实验技术和主要成果。研究结果表明，用该技术进行家畜染色体涂染具有很高的特异性和分辨力， 可用来检测家畜染色体畸变、性别鉴定、显微克隆等， 提高了对家畜染色体 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 研究和分析的能力， 从而促进了动物分子细胞遗传学这一新的边缘学科的建立和发展。

Chromosome painting techniques and development of animal molecular cytogenetics

Chromosome painting is a technique for labelling metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei by fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH),using whole or partial chromosome painting probes.Specific chromosome painting probes are currently prepared by flow sorted chromosomes or constructed from cloned libraries and specific interspecies hybrid cell lines or PCR amplified products from microdissected target chromosomes.The latter technical approach provides a direct and rapid means to construct chromosome painting probes.In the recent years,chromosome painting using microdissected whole chromosome,chromosomal arm or segment specific painting probes have been performed in the pig.The probes were prepared from 5 copies of each target chromosome,microdissected from metaphase chromosome preparations and then amplified by PCR using a universal amplification primer.Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) analyses with directly or indirectly labelled microdissected probes resulted in chromosome painting patterns with high specificity.In this overview,the whole procedure of chromosome painting using microdissected chromosome probes was briefly described and discussed.Chromosome painting using specific probes may provide an increasingly important connection between cytogenetics and molecular genome analyses in domestic animals and will stimulate the development of animal molecular cytogenetics.