餐厨废弃物饲料化技术及其在动物生产中的应用

餐厨废弃物(food waste,FW)的资源利用受到广泛关注。FW焚化、填埋、堆肥、厌氧消化等技术因其面临的环境可持续性问题而受到越来越多的批评。饲料化技术可以将FW转化为高价值的饲料,从而减少固体废物的排放、养殖成本和环境污染,但该技术应符合减少、再利用和回收有机废物的处理原则。作者综述了FW的饲料化技术及其在动物生产中的应用。FW饲料化技术主要包括热处理、酶处理、藻类培养、昆虫过腹、发酵技术。其中热处理可以确保微生物安全性,是其他技术的预处理技术。藻类培养和昆虫过腹技术可以将FW转化为植物和昆虫蛋白,避免同源污染,但尚不清楚藻类和昆虫在FW利用过程中是否会造成污染物积累。酶处理和发酵技术可以将FW中大分子转化为小分子。酶的催化性能和稳定性容易受外界条件的影响,需要考虑特殊的酶制剂。发酵技术的机械化程度和资源利用率高,其核心是微生物,需要筛选有效的、能充分利用FW的微生物。目前FW在畜牧业中的应用较少,在其生产和应用中要特别注意用量和使用时间。为了使FW饲料真正作为动物饲料进入食物链,研究人员必须对不同动物(含不同生长阶段)的生长性能和产品特性进行研究,以确保动物健康及动物产品对人类健康没有负面影响。

Feed Technology of Food Waste and Its Application in Animal Production

The resource utilization of food waste (FW) has received widespread attention.Incineration, burying and composting, anaerobic digestion are increasingly criticized for their problems of environmental sustainability.Feed processing technology can convert FW into high-value feed, reducing solid waste emissions, breeding costs, and environmental pollution.Feed technology is in line with the principles of reduction, reuse and recycling of organic waste treatment.The authors reviewed the feed technology of FW and its application in animal production.Feed technology mainly includes heat treatment, enzyme treatment, algae culture, insect breeding, and fermentation technology.Heat treatment can ensure the safety of microorganisms, which is the pretreatment technology of all technologies.Algae culture and insect breeding technology can transform waste sugars and amino acids into plant and insect proteins and avoid homologous pollution.However, it is not clear whether algae and insects can accumulate pollutants in the process of FW utilization.Enzyme treatment and fermentation technology can transform macromolecules into small molecules.The catalytic performance and stability of enzymes are easily affected by external conditions, so it is necessary to consider special enzyme preparations.Fermentation has a high degree of mechanization and resource utilization.The core of fermentation technology is microorganism, which should be effective and able to make full use of FW.The application of FW in animal production is less at present.In the production and application, it is need to pay attention to the dosage and use time of FW feed.In order to make FW feed really enter the food chain as animal feed, researchers must study the growth performance and product characteristics of different animals (include different growth stages) to ensure that animal health and their products have no negative impact on human health.