Pharmacokinetics of levamisole after intramuscular and oral administrations to Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius) |
| |
Authors: | Mohaddeseh A. Tabari Mohammad Reza Youssefi Seyed Mehdi Hosseinifard Ali Akbar Moghaddamnia Sohrab Kazemi NadAli Yousefi Sadati Azadeh Jalali Mothahari Mario Giorgi |
| |
Affiliation: | 1. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran;2. Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran;3. Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran;4. Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;5. Private Veterinary Sector, Graduated of Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;6. Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy |
| |
Abstract: | The pharmacokinetic parameters of levamisole were determined in the Caspian salmon after intramuscular (IM), oral by gavage, and oral by feed administrations. Eighty-one healthy fish in three different groups received levamisole at the dose of 25 mg/fish by each route. Blood samples were collected at time points of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 14, and 24 hr after administrations. Plasma levamisole concentrations were measured by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay and were analyzed using a noncompartmental approach. The mean terminal half-life was 4.56, 3.95, and 2.91 hr for IM, gavage and feed routes, respectively. The peak plasma concentration for IM, gavage, and feed routes of levamisole were 35.53, 4.63, and 8.36 µg/ml, respectively, at the time of 0.25 for IM, and 1 hr for gavage and feed. The relative bioavailability for gavage and feed routes was 54.80 and 69.30. The similar bioavailability for gavage and feed might be indicative of similar efficacy for these routes of administrations. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the absolute oral bioavailability and the effective dose in Caspian salmon. |
| |
Keywords: | bioavailability Caspian salmon levamisole pharmacokinetics |
|
|