我国主要梨园施肥现状分析

以国家梨产业技术体系为平台，对全国18个梨综合试验站744个主要梨园施肥种类、施肥时期、施用量和施用方式等进行调查。结果表明，全国范围内梨树施用的有机肥以猪牛羊杂粪为主，商品有机肥施用很少或几乎不施；施用的化肥以尿素和三元素复混肥为主，有的地区偏施尿素或三元素复混肥，复混肥中氮磷钾的比例较混乱，高磷高钾肥多。从施用时期看，以化肥作为部分基肥、果实膨大期追肥的现象较为普遍，而萌芽前追肥和花芽分化期追肥状况各地区差异较大。有机肥单位面积施用量和单株施用量差异较大，大多数梨园有机肥施用量不足，其中有4个试验站30% 左右的梨园不施有机肥；化肥的用量差异较大，盲目施肥或经验施肥现象严重。施肥方式以穴施和条施为主，施肥的深度差异较大。通过分析，指出各地梨树施肥存在的问题，以期为梨优质高产提供科学的施肥依据。

Current fertilization in pear orchards in China

This paper tried to provide the optimal fertilization for pear orchards in China. Based on the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System, the species of applied manure and fertilizer, fertilization time, fertilization dosage and fertilization patterns in the 744 pear orchards distributed in 18 general stations over China were investigated. The results showed that manures of pig, cattle and sheep were mainly applied in pear orchards, while commercial organic fertilizer was merely or hardly used. Urea and NPK compound fertilizer were the main chemical fertilizers adopted by pear growers. The ratio of N:P:K in the compound fertilizer was not standardized, and high phosphorus or potassium ratio was often observed. Chemical fertilizer was normally applied as the part of base fertilizer and mostly as top dressing in the fruit expansion, while great difference of the top dressing was observed before germination and differentiation of flower bud. There was great difference in the manure dosage either as per acre or per plant. The use of manure was insufficient in the most of pear orchards. It was observed that no manure was applied in 30% orchards in 5 stations. The chemical fertilizer dosage was also fluctuated in a large range, which suggested that blind fertilization was serious. Hole or strip application was the main pattern in orchard fertilization but the depth of fertilization was greatly different.