东北大豆种质群体在牡丹江的表现及其潜在的育种意义

东北是我国春大豆的主要生态区,牡丹江位于黑龙江省东南部,属第2亚区。本研究于2012-2014年间,以搜集到的东北地区各单位现存的361份大豆育成品种和地方品种作为东北现存的本地种质,观察该群体在牡丹江地区的表现,研究其在牡丹江的潜在育种意义。主要结果如下:1)东北大豆种质群体平均表现为全生育期分布在101~147 d(平均为124 d)、蛋白质含量范围为35.36%~45.36%(平均为39.69%)、油脂含量范围为18.93%~23.78%(平均为21.96%)、蛋脂总量范围57.74%~66.67%(平均值61.82%)、百粒重范围在8.49~29.43 g(平均值19.91 g)、株高36.6~115.3 cm(平均值82 cm)、主茎11.2~20.4节(平均为16节)、分枝为0~4.8个(平均2.8)、倒伏在1.2~3.6(平均2级左右)。2)当地适合熟期组为MG 0和MG I,各性状的平均值与群体平均值相近,其他熟期组在当地的表现与之不同。MG 000和MG 00的生育天数集中在106~113 d,比当地无霜期早10~20 d,不能充分利用当地的自然条件;而品质性状表现则略优于MG 0/MGⅠ,特别是蛋白质含量和蛋脂总量分别高约1.62%、1.59%;株高、节数均低于MG 0/MG I,分别低10~30 cm、2~4节。MGⅡ的生育天数高达136 d,不能稳定成熟;品质性状表现低于当地品种水平,特别是油脂含量、蛋脂总量分别低约1.5%、2%;而株高、节数高于当地品种,分别高约10 cm、1~2节,倒伏程度则高达3级。MG III在牡丹江不能正常成熟,导致其他性状表达不正常,生长量和倒伏度增加。3)本群体中包含第二亚区育成217个品种,查到系谱资料的208个,这208个品种共涉及169个祖先亲本,其中黑龙江来源有77份、吉林省48份、辽宁省8份、国外来源26份,其他来源10份。衍生品种最多的前10个祖先亲本主要来源于吉林,对该亚区品种的贡献率约48.9%;衍生品种数在11~20间主要来源于黑龙江,前20个祖先亲本对该亚区品种的贡献率约62.4%。4)根据各农艺品质性状在牡丹江表现的遗传进度估计,虽然油脂和蛋白质含量相对小些,但均有一定的改良潜力。根据当地品种的表现,从供试的东北资源中提出了各农艺、品质性状改良可用的亲本品种名单,供育种工作者参考。

Performance and Breeding Potential of the Northeast China Soybean Germplasm Population in Mudanjiang Area

Northeast China is a major ecological region of spring-sowing soybean in China,Mudanjiang is located in the southeast of Heilongjiang province,and belongs to the Sub-region Ⅱ of Northeast China.The soybean germplasm population composed of 361 landraces and released cultivars collected in Northeast China was tested in Mudanjiang in 2012-2014 for evaluation of its characterization and genetic potential in the local breeding programs.The results obtained were as follows:1) The range and average performance of agronomic and seed quality traits were characterized as:the days to maturity ranges from 101 -147 d with average of 124 d,the protein content/oil content/total protein and oil/100-seed weight ranged from 35.6％-45.36％ (average of 39.69％),18.93％-23.78％ (21.96％),57.74％-66.67％ (61.82％) and 8.49-29.43 g (19.91 g),the plant height,nodes on main stem,number of branches and lodging score ranged from 36.56-115.27 cm (average of 82 cm),11.22-20.35 nodes (average of 16 nodes),0-4.75 branches (average of 2.75 branches) and 1.17 -3.63 grade (average of 2 grade),respectively.2) MG 0 and MG Ⅰ were the best adapted maturity groups that could use fully the local frost-free period with the averages of all traits similar to the population averages.The other maturity groups performed differently in Mudanjiang.The MG 000 and MG 00 matured at 106-113 d,10-20 d earlier than the local first frost;the seed quality traits were better than those of MG 0/MG Ⅰ with oil content/protein-oil content about 1.62％/1.59％ higher than those of MG 0/MG Ⅰ;while their plant height and nodes on main stem were 10-30 cm and 2-4 nodes less than those of MG 0/MG Ⅰ.The MG Ⅱ toke about 136 d but could not mature naturally very often before the first frost;their seed quality traits were not as good as MG 0/MG Ⅰ with protein content/protein-oil content about 1.5％ less and oil content 2.0％ less than those of MG 0/MG Ⅰ;the plant height and nodes on main stem were about 10 cm and 1-2 nodes more than those of MG 0/MG Ⅰ;while the lodging score were one grade more (grade 3) than that of MG 0/MG Ⅰ.The MG Ⅲ did not mature naturally,causing abnormal development of the other traits with growth amount and lodging score increased.3) There were 217 varieties in Northeast China soybean germplasm population from Sub-region Ⅱ,among which 208 soybean cultivars could be traced to 169 ancestors,among which,77 from Heilongjiang,48 from Jilin,8 from Liaoning,26 from abroad,10 from other sources.The top 10 ancestors which had most derived varieties were mainly from Jilin,which contributed about 48.9％ of the germplasm to the derived varieties;the number of derived varieties from Heilongjiang ancestors was between 11 to 20,and the top 20 ancestors contributed about 62.4％ of the germplasm to the derived varieties.4) There were certain breeding potential for all the agronomic and seed quality traits according to the estimates of genetic gains,even oil and protein contents,which was demonstrated by a number of superior cultivars having been released based on the germplasm population.From the present data,a group of superior accessions were nominated as parental materials for the improvement of individual traits of the adapted-local cultivars in Mudanjiang area.