气候变化下黄土高原耕作系统演变与适应性管理

耕作系统主要包括土壤系统、作物系统和区域气候系统等几个相对独立、但又紧密关联的组成部分，涉及作物栽培模式、作物类型、杂草和病虫害及农田水土资源管理等方面，在黄土高原生态系统管理和农业可持续发展中占有重要地位。过去50a (1951-2000年)，黄土高原的年平均气温升高了1.1℃，且其变率逐渐增加，降雨和热量资源分布呈现复杂的时空异质性。作物种植区域的变迁、熟制制度的演变和农田灾害的加剧促使农田管理模式不断寻求改变，对当地农业耕作系统产生了深远影响。本文总结了黄土高原过去多年的气候变化（气温、降水量、积温）特征和发展趋势，气候变化下耕作系统（种植区、耕作制度、土壤环境）和作物系统（需水量、物候、品种、产量）的演变规律，作物与土壤互作关系，以及气象灾害对黄土高原耕作系统的影响，并提出气候变化下耕作系统适应性管理途径和策略。旨在为黄土高原耕作技术和田间管理提供新的理论，寻求气候变化下区域农业可持续发展应对策略。

Evolution and Adaptive Management of Farming Tillage System Under Climate Change in the Loess Plateau

Farming system generally consists of several components including soil system, crop system and regional climatic system which are relatively independent but closely associated with each other. It is involved crop cultivation pattern, crop type, weeds, pests and soil & water resource management in farmland and so on, which plays an important role in ecosystem management and sustainable agricultural development in the Loess Plateau. Over past fifty years (1951-2000), the annual average temperature increased by 1.1℃, and its variability wasenhanced gradually in the Loess Plateau. Complex spatial-temporal heterogeneity existed in the rainfall and heat resource distribution. The changing crop area, developing cropping system, and increased agriculture disasters have promoted the innovation of farm management, which exerted a far-reaching influence on local farming system. This paper summarized the characteristics and development trend of the changing climate, and the evolution of farming system (included the evolvements of crop type, soil moisture and nutrient characteristics) and cropping system (included water requirements, phenology, crop cultivars and yield) under climate change, the interaction between crops and soil and the affect of meteorological disasters on farming system in the Loess Plateau. The approaches and strategies of adaptive cropping system management under climate change were suggested. The aims to provide novel theoretical potential for farming tillage technology and field management, and seek coping strategies for sustainable regional development under climate change.