控释尿素对春玉米产量、氮效率及氮素平衡的影响

为明确控释尿素在春玉米上的应用效果及土壤氮素平衡状况,在黑龙江省双城、宾县、哈尔滨、肇源地区通过2011—2012年两年四点次田间小区试验,研究普通尿素与控释尿素(控释期90 d的树脂包膜尿素)混合施用对春玉米产量、氮肥效率(NUE)及土壤氮素盈亏的影响。结果表明,春玉米产量、植株吸氮量均随着施氮量的增加而增加。与普通尿素一次性基施相比,控释尿素能够提高玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥表观利用率、氮农学效率(ANUE)及氮肥贡献率(FCR)。在相同氮素施用水平下(100%、75%、50%氮肥用量),100%基施控释尿素比100%基施普通尿素各处理玉米产量分别平均增加391、427、291 kg·hm-2;氮肥表观利用率提高5.9%、4.9%和5.1%;氮肥农学效率提高2.0、2.6 kg·kg~(-1)和2.6 kg·kg~(-1);氮肥贡献率增加2.7%、3.1%和2.4%。处理4(普通尿素40%基肥,60%追施)和处理5(40%普通尿素与60%控释尿素混合一次性基施)玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥表观利用率、氮农学效率差异不显著。氮素表观亏缺量随着氮肥用量的增加而降低。与100%普通尿素作基肥一次性施入相比,100%控释尿素一次性基施降低氮素表观损失量15.0 kg·hm-2;40%普通尿素与60%控释尿素混合一次性基施降低氮素表观损失率23.9 kg·hm-2。可见,普通尿素与控释尿素分别以40%和60%的比例混合施用在黑龙江省玉米生产上是可以推广和借鉴的氮素管理方式。

Effects of Controlled-Release Urea on Grain Yield of Spring Maize,Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Nitrogen Bal-ance

The effects of mixing controlled-released urea(CRU)(release period of resin coated urea is 90 days)and urea(U)on maize yield, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen balance were studied by 4 plot experiments (site:Shuangcheng, Binxian, Harbin and Zhaoyuan)in two years (from year 2011 to 2012)to clarify the effect of controlled release urea on spring maize and soil nitrogen balance. Results were as fol-low:Spring maize yield and nitrogen absorption were increased with the increasing nitrogen fertilizer. Compared with applying urea treatment, applying CRU could increase yield, nitrogen absorption, nitrogen use efficiency, agriculture efficiency of nitrogen and nitrogen contribution rate. Under the same amount of nitrogen (100%, 75%, 50%), compared with 100%U as basic fertilizer treatment, maize yield of 100%CRU treatment increased 391, 427, 291 kg·hm-2, nitrogen use efficiency increased by 5.9%,4.9%and 5.1%, agriculture efficiency of nitrogen in-creased 2.0, 2.6, 2.6 kg·kg-1, and nitrogen contribution rate increased 2.7%, 3.1%and 2.4%, respectively. The value of maize yield, nitrogen absorption, nitrogen use efficiency and agriculture efficiency of nitrogen between the treatment four(40%urea as basic fertilizer+60%urea astopdressing)and treatment five(40%urea plus 60%controlled release urea as basic fertilizer)were similar. Apparent profit and loss of nitro-gen decreased with the increase of nitrogen nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen apparent loss by applying 100%controlled release urea was reduced of 15.0 kg·hm-2 than applying 100%U treatment;Nitrogen apparent loss amount was decreased of 23.9 kg·hm-2 under treatment five. The method of mixing 40%urea and 60%controlled release urea should be applied in maize production in Heilongjiang Province.