基于农户调查的村域农业活动空间研究——以河南省巩义市吴沟村为例

农业区位论对指导农业生产与布局具有重要意义,基于西方各项制度背景所提出的杜能理论需要根据中国实际予以修正。以河南省巩义市吴沟村为例,基于农户实地调查,着眼于村域视角,利用MapInfo 7.0和ArcGIS 9.3软件,采用定性和定量分析相结合的方法,对调查村域的农业活动空间格局与过程进行分析。研究表明:吴沟村农业生产布局在水平方向上,沿村庄延伸方向向两侧呈圈层状拓展分布;在垂直方向上,呈现随海拔高度变化的分层格局,乡村聚落所在高度以上主要为退耕林地,以下为菜地、农作物等。最后,对农业活动空间格局变动的成因及其影响因素的分析表明,地形、农田通达性、灌溉条件、土地制度显著影响村域农业活动空间。在上述研究结果的基础上,提出了从改变种植结构、修建水利设施、改善交通条件、加速土地流转和发展旅游业等方面促进农业结构调整与农民增收。

Study on spatial pattern of village-level agricultural activity based on household survey in Wugou Village, Henan Province

The Johan Heinrich von Thunen’s agricultural location theory,which was based on the hypotheses of "isolated state" and "land",was used to explain the spatial distribution of land use in China from the macro perspective.It highlighted significant differences between practical land systems and rural development in China,and applied agricultural location theory to blindly explain China’s conditions and needs.MapInfo 7.0 and ArcGIS 9.3 softwares were used in conjunction with qualitative and quantitative analyses and digital Google Maps to analyze these conditions and needs in this paper with Wugou Village of Henan Province as a case.Wugou Village did not meet "isolated state" hypothesis for the following reasons:(1) It was not only far from urban areas without agricultural trade with urban milieus,but also self-sufficient in food,vegetables and other cash crops.(2) The terrain was mountainous,different elevations with different soil fertilities,easiness of cultivation and significantly different production costs.(3) Severe droughts,little rainfalls,deep groundwater and inadequate artificial irrigation facilities.(4) Abundant population and disharmonized agricultural labor structure.(5) Fragmented land,frequent land swaps,poor land mobility,and limited agricultural production.The analysis showed that as a mountain village,the factors that influenced Wugou’s spatial layout of agricultural production were more complicated than those of the plains.Firstly,the terrain was the main factor influencing farmland distribution and vertical stratification pattern of agricultural production in the mountain village.The elevation and slope reflected the degrees of ups and downs with direct impacts on land fertility,farming difficulty and transportation cost.Secondly,land accessibility significantly determined the input-output dynamics of the mountain village’s farmlands.Thirdly,the average land share and complex terrain caused significant fragmentation of the mountain village’s agricultural lands.Hence farmlands of Wugou Village were mainly distributed along roads and circle-like expanded to both sides of road.Structure of agricultural production showed stratified pattern along altitude,forest land was mainly in land higher than the village,while vegetable and crop lands were in land lower than the village.Based on the analysis,three main bottlenecks(terrain,drought and transportation) limited the development of Wugou Village.To that end,the following recommendations were forwarded: 1) Taking measures that favor not only the local conditions but also take advantage of the terrain.Measures such as transforming the planting system to adapted mountain village with crops balanced and enhance grain-crop/cash-crop ratio.2) Improving land use value by reforesting farmlands through national forest development programs.Fruit trees can especially serve both the purpose of forest and cash income.Animal breeding and wild plant cultivation programs can be instituted to exploit the local agricultural characteristic.3) Artificial water conservancy facilities can be constructed to support agricultural developments using allocated state/special funds to improve irrigation systems and harvest practices.4) Transportation systems of the village can be improved along with enhanced communication links with the outside world.5) Transfer of land use can be made flexible via direct state policies.This can allow households to contract responsibility of their allocated lands to conversion programs such as forest cultivation.Under such policies,peasant households can change their land use in line with direct contracts to stimulate farmers’ motivation to add value to agricultural and barren hills.6) The rich stone resource can be used to establish stone mining and processing,which can in turn absorb surplus labor and increase non-farm income.