Social effects on crowding preferences of urban forest visitors |
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Authors: | Arne Arnberger and Wolfgang Haider |
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Institution: | aInstitute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Peter Jordan Straße 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria bSchool of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada |
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Abstract: | An image-based stated choice approach was used to investigate the conditions determining why visitors to an urban forest in Vienna feel crowded or not. Respondents (N=213) evaluated several sets of images depicting trail use scenarios with different levels of social crowding conditions and several types of social interferences. Forest users were segmented into three groups based on their global evaluations of use levels during weekends and work days, resulting in a crowding-averse, a crowding-tolerant, and a crowding-indifferent segment. Crowding-averse respondents reacted much more negatively to scenarios with high-use levels, heterogeneous trail use conditions, and violations of personal minimum spatial requirements caused by the presence of others. This user group felt overcrowded because social conditions experienced in the area interfered with their main visiting goals, especially to walk with their dog unleashed and to recreate. By contrast, crowding-tolerant respondents disliked very low-use and high-use situations, and preferred a certain amount of social stimulation in the form of some encounters, and more heterogeneous trail use conditions. |
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Keywords: | Digitally calibrated images Dogs Social interference Stated choice Stimulus overload Vienna |
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