历史时期东北地区农业系统的发展动因研究

作为不断进化的开放系统,农业系统具有较强的内在有机性和外部关联性。依据东北农业系统发展的阶段性特征,可将其演化进程划分为如下四个阶段:渔猎系统同采集系统的分化阶段,农牧系统同渔猎系统的分化阶段,农牧渔猎长期共存互补阶段以及农耕系统同畜牧系统的分化阶段。在每个发展阶段,农业系统的结构形式和功能表现均有所不同。驱动东北农业系统不断发展演化的因素有:生态制约与气候扰动,战争灾荒与农牧政策,人口迁徙与经济转型,文化互动与技术传播,宗教信仰与饮食习俗,交通条件与市场交换等。

Systematic development of agriculture in Northeast China from a historical perspective

Agriculture,as the continuous evolution of open system,has its strong internal organic system as well as its relevance with the external world.According to the agricultural development stage characteristics,we explored the development of the agricultural systems in the Northeast China which has experienced four stages: the division period of hunting and fishing with acquisition,the differentiation stage of agricultural and pastoral systems with fishing and hunting,the long-term complementary coexistence phase of agriculture,animal husbandry,fishing and hunting,and the differentiation stage of farming systems with livestock systems.At each stage,the organizational form and the function of the agricultural systems' structure were different.Lastly,we concluded that the factors promoting the evolution of the agricultural system in Northeast China could be summarized in the following aspects: ecological constraints and climate disturbance,war famine and pastoral policies,migration and economic exchange,cultural radiation and technological diffusion,religion and dietary customs,transportation conditions and market exchange etc.