小麦不同品种的氮素利用效率差异研究

【目的】研究小麦不同品种籽粒、叶片和茎秆的含氮量和氮素利用效率的差异。【方法】选用29个普通小麦品种，分别在正常和肥水亏缺环境下进行随机区组试验。【结果】小麦不同品种籽粒、叶片、茎秆的含氮量和氮素利用效率差异均达极显著水平；不同环境间叶片、茎秆的含氮量和氮素利用效率差异也达极显著水平，但籽粒含氮量差异不显著；品种×环境互作只有叶片含氮量差异达极显著水平；不同品种肥水亏缺下氮素利用效率均高于正常环境的氮素利用效率；在肥水亏缺和正常环境下分别筛选出5个和4个高效利用氮素的品种；两种环境的籽粒和叶片的含氮量和氮素利用效率均存在极显著的正相关，而茎秆含氮量两种环境的相关不显著；籽粒、叶片、茎秆的含氮量和氮素利用效率的小区遗传率分别为48.4％、57.6%、17.4%和35.4%，而品系遗传率分别为84.9％、89.1%、55.8%和76.7%。【结论】小麦各器官的含氮量和氮素利用效率存在着品种差异，可以通过杂交育种等手段，对其进行遗传改良，培育既高产、优质又高效利用氮素的小麦新品种。

The Studies on Genotypic Difference of Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in Winter Wheat

In order to study the genetic difference of nitrogen contents of grain， leaf and stem and nitrogen utilization efficiency(NUE) among wheat varieties，the randomized blocks experiments were made for 29 wheat varieties in the normal and the fertilizer and water deficiency environments，respectively. The results showed that the difference of nitrogen contents of grain， leaf and stem and nitrogen utilization efficiency among varieties were highly significant; the difference of nitrogen contents of leaf and stem and nitrogen utilization efficiency among environments were highly significant; the difference of nitrogen contents of grain among environments were not significant; variety×environment interaction of nitrogen contents of leaf were highly significant; nitrogen utilization efficiency of all varieties was higher in the fertilizer and water deficiency condition than normal environment condition; 5 and 4 varieties that nitrogen utilization efficiency were higher were selected in the normal and the fertilizer and water deficiency environment conditions. Correlation of nitrogen contents of grain and leaf and nitrogen utilization efficiency was highly significant under two environment conditions. The plot heritability ratio of nitrogen contents of grain， leaf and stem and nitrogen utilization efficiency were 48.4%， 7.6%， 17.4% and 35.4%; and their variety heritability ratio were 84.9％， 89.1%， 55.8% and 76.7%. It is thus clear that genetic improving nitrogen utilization efficiency of varieties and breeding high-production，good-quality and high-efficiency utilization nitrogen new wheat varieties are possible.