世界李育种概况

李是全球分布和栽培最广泛的果树之一，主要分为欧洲李（P. domestica）和中国李（P. salicina）两种。中国李起源于中国，具有较高的遗传异质性和果实性状遗传变异的丰富性。据推测，中国的长江流域地区仍有野生中国李的分布。在我国古代，许多书籍中都有李的栽培和品种记载，如秦汉、晋代、北宋和明代。国外也有许多书面记载李的起源和品种，如希腊、法国、芬兰、捷克和俄罗斯。自罗马时代以来，李已逐步传播到欧洲大陆。为了改善李果实品质、提高商品性以满足市场需求，一直在不断地培育新的李品种。世界上最早关于欧洲李品种的记载中选育出成熟期最早的品种，如‘Reine Claude’‘Early Rivers’‘Early Transparent Gage’‘Czar’‘Monarch’和‘Tresident’，目前仍广泛栽培。在中国，已经自主育成并经过品种审定且正式发表的李品种有88个。尽管世界各地的种植者、水果市场和消费者对李品种的改良需求各不相同，但育种性状包括果实大小、果皮颜色、多酚类物质、可溶性固形物、果实成熟期、抗寒性和抗病性能力等，受到共同关注。李育种方式从传统的育种手段，到分子辅助育种...

An Overview of the Worldwide Plum Breeding

Plum is a significant fruit tree worldwide, with the two main species being P. domestica and P. salicina. Chinese plum, originating from China, exhibits high genetic heterogeneity and abundant genetic variation in fruit traits. It is speculated that wild Chinese plums still exist in the Yangtze River basin. Throughout Chinese history, the plum cultivation and varieties were recorded by many secretaries of the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty. Similarly, in other countries, such as Greece, France, Finland, the Czech Republic, and Russia, there are written records of plum, describing its origin and 14 varieties. Plum was gradually introduced into the European continent during the Roman era, and numerous new varieties have since been cultivated to improve the fruit’s quality, commercial value, and meet market demand. There were currently 88 independently bred plum varieties in China that have passed variety approval and been officially published. Breeding traits of common concern include fruit size, peel color, polyphenols, soluble solids, fruit maturity, cold resistance, disease resistance, etc. Breeding methods range from traditional methods to molecular-assisted breeding, tissue culture, and transgenic breeding. Many excellent varieties with good fresh food quality, storage and transportation resistance, and adaptability have been bred through continuous improvement of breeding methods, promoting the development of the global plum industry. China is the world’s largest plum producer, accounting for 54.94% of total production and 74.75% of total cultivation area worldwide. The rich natural resources of plum in China provide solid material and diversity guarantee for germplasm exploration and breeding application. To further strengthen the international advantages of plum germplasm resources and cultivation areas in China, and to enhance the core competitiveness of national breeding, this study reviewed the global history process of plum breeding and improvement, including the origin, dissemination, early cultivation history of plum in the world, recent research on the main breeding traits, and commercial breeding strategies for modern plum.