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European pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) from Portugal: Chemical composition of essential oil and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of extracts and essential oil |
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| Authors: | Bárbara Teixeira António Marques Cristina RamosIrineu Batista Carmo SerranoOlívia Matos Nuno R NengJosé MF Nogueira Jorge Alexandre SaraivaMaria Leonor Nunes |
| Institution: | a Research Unit of Upgrading of Fishery and Farmed Products, National Institute of Biological Resources (INRB, I.P./L-IPIMAR), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal b Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Natural and Agro-food Products (QOPNA), Chemistry Department, Aveiro University, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal c Research Unit of Food Technology, National Institute of Biological Resources (INRB, I.P./L-INIA), Quinta do Marquês, Avenida da República, Nova Oeiras, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal d Research Unit of Genetic Resources, Ecophysiology and Plant Improvement, National Institute of Biological Resources (INRB, I.P./L-INIA), Quinta do Marquês, Avenida da República, Nova Oeiras, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal e Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Lisbon University, Campo Grande C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal |
| Abstract: | There is a growing interest of industry to replace synthetic chemicals by natural products with bioactive properties from plant origin. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of European pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) essential oil and to characterize the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of its water (hot and cold) and ethanolic extracts and of the essential oil. The essential oil revealed menthone, pulegone and neo-menthol as the main constituents, comprising 35.9, 23.2 and 9.2% of the essential oil, respectively. The hot water extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and phenol content. In contrast, the extracts were not very effective to inhibit the growth of the seven foodborne spoilage and pathogenic bacteria tested, but the essential oil showed antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains. In conclusion, extracts and essential oil of M. pulegium from Mediterranean origin have huge potential as an alternative to chemical additives for the food industry. |
| Keywords: | Antimicrobial activity Antioxidant activity Essential oil Ethanol and aqueous extract European pennyroyal Mentha pulegium |
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