水库低温水的生态影响及工程对策研究

大型水库低温水下泄对农业生态和水生生态产生较大不利影响, 国内在高坝大库设计中多采用叠梁门表层取水结构来获取满足农作物的灌溉水温和鱼类生活史需求水温, 其运用的下泄水温调节效果多采用立面二维或垂向一维水温模型进行模拟。文中利用MIKE3软件建立研究水库的三维水温数学模型, 精确模拟水库采用叠梁门分层取水和单层进水口两种取水方案下的水库水温结构及下泄水温。预测结果表明叠梁门分层取水方案能有效地提高水库泄水温度, 3~9月出现的水库低温水温度比单层进水口提高2~4 ℃, 并在5月份就能达到鱼类产卵要求的18.4 ℃。叠梁门分层取水结构能够有效地提高水库泄水温度, 最大程度减缓水库低温水下泄的生态影响, 实现生态环境保护和经济效益的较好协调, 叠梁门结构比较适合作为国内生态友好型大型水库工程建设的生态修复和保护措施。

Effect of low temperature on reservoir water and mechanical control measure

Thermal stratification of reservoirs is a critical ecological factor for regulating direct and indirect effects of temperature on reservoir productivity. In particular, low temperature reservoir waters have adverse effects on agricultural/aquatic ecology. Selective water withdrawal from different reservoir depths is used to manage water demand for different uses. In China, stoplog gate are constructed in large reservoirs to regulate water temperatures for crop irrigation and fish breeding. When water is withdrawn from different reservoir depths, flow patterns, stratification and therefore water quality in the reservoir are altered. Vertical 1-D or 2-D water temperature models were applied to analyze the effects of selective water withdrawal on thermal structure and release water temperature in reservoirs. In this study, thermal stratification and the related seasonal variations in reservoirs were simulated. The effects of two different water withdrawal schemes on water release temperature were analyzed using the MIKE-3 numerical simulation model. Based on the model simulation, stoplog gates effectively improved low temperature water conditions. The predicted thermal stratification and water temperature profiles were noticeably influenced by withdrawal schemes. There were significant differences in the regulation effects of water withdrawal on release temperature between single-layer entry and stoplog gate. From March to September, water temperature was higher by 2~4 oC in stoplog gate than in single-layer entry scheme. The water release temperature of stoplog gate scheme reached 18.4 oC in May, which was the required water temperature for fish spawning. It was therefore concluded that stoplog gate was a more suitable engineered structure. It was not only ecologically friendly, but also effectively improved water temperature, mitigated ecological effects, and ensured coordinated environmental protection and socio-economic efficiency.