3种雀形目鸟类羽毛显微结构观察

【目的】明确鸟类羽毛显微结构差异及其特征指标，为利用羽毛微观结构特征鉴定白头鹎（Pycnonotus sinensis）、田鹀（Emberiza rustica）和燕雀（Fringilla montifringilla）提供科学依据。【方法】以白头鹎、田鹀和燕雀3种雀形目鸟类的飞羽、尾羽及绒羽为研究对象，利用扫描电镜观察记录飞羽和尾羽的羽小钩、纤毛、腹齿等微观结构的数量，测量飞羽和尾羽的基柄长、羽小枝间距，以及绒羽的节间距、节直径和羽小枝间距，并通过SPSS 22.0分析这些指标在3种鸟类间的差异显著性。【结果】（1）尾羽有钩羽小枝基柄长、无钩羽小枝基柄长、羽小钩和纤毛总数及相邻羽小枝间距等指标可为白头鹎、田鹀和燕雀3个物种的鉴定提供依据；而腹齿数可为白头鹎与田鹀、燕雀与田鹀的鉴定提供依据。（2）飞羽无钩羽小枝基柄长、羽小钩和纤毛总数及相邻羽小枝间距等指标可为3个物种的鉴定提供依据；而腹齿数可为白头鹎与田鹀、白头鹎与燕雀的鉴定提供依据，有钩羽小枝基柄长可为白头鹎与田鹀、燕雀与田鹀的鉴定提供依据。（3）绒羽的相邻羽小枝间距可为白头鹎、田鹀和燕雀3个物种的鉴定提供依据；节间距可为白头鹎与田鹀、白头鹎与燕雀的鉴定提供依据；节直径可为白头鹎与燕雀、田鹀与燕雀的鉴定提供依据。【结论】羽小枝间距、基柄长、羽小钩和纤毛总数、节间距、节直径等指标可为白头鹎、田鹀和燕雀3个物种的鉴定提供科学依据，但需综合多个指标进行评判。

Observation on microscopic structure of feathers of 3 kinds of Passerine birds

【Objective】To clarify microstructure differences and characteristic indicators of bird feathers, in order to provide scientific evidence for the identification of Chinese bulbul(Pycnonotus sinensis), Rustic bunting(Emberiza rustica) and Brambling(Fringilla montifringilla).【Method】Remiges, rectrices and downy feather of 3 Passerine birds, Chinese bulbul, Rustic bunting and Brambling were taken as research objects. The number of microscopic structure of remiges and rectrices, such as hooked barbule, cilia and ventral tooth were recorded;and length of base handle, distance between barbules of remiges and rectrices, distance between nodules, nodular diameter and distance between barbules of downy feather were measured by scanning electronic microscope(SEM). At the same time, differences of these indicators among 3 species were analyzed by SPSS 22.0.【Result】(1) For rectrices, the indicators such as the length of base handle of distal barbule, the length of base handle of proximal barbule, the sum of the number of hooked barbule and cilia and the distance between barbules etc. could help identify the 3 species;the number of ventral tooth could be used to identify Chinese bulbul and Rustic bunting, Brambling and Rustic bunting.(2) For remiges, the indicators such as the length of base handle of proximal barbule, the sum of the number of hooked barbule and cilia and the distance between barbules etc. could help identify the 3 species;the number of ventral tooth could be used to identify Chinese bulbul and Rustic bunting, Chinese bulbul and Brambling, and the length of base handle of distal barbule could be used to identify Chinese bulbul and Rustic bunting, Brambling and Rustic bunting. (3) For downy feather, the distance between barbules could be used to identify the 3 species, the distance between nodules can be used to identify Chinese bulbul and Rustic bunting, Chinese bulbul and Brambling, the nodular diameter could be used to identify Chinese bulbul and Brambling, Rustic bunting and Brambling.【Conclusion】The distance between barbules, the length of base handle, the sum of the number of hooked barbule and cilia, the distance between nodules, the nodular diameter etc. can provide scientific basis for the identification of the 3 studied bird species and multiple indicators should be considered together for comprehensive evaluation.