我国林业碳汇交易现状、问题与政策建议

碳市场是全球应对气候变化的主要政策工具。我国碳市场建设实践过程中,林业碳汇项目国际国内2类市场共存在9种机制类型,国际包括清洁发展机制(CDM)项目、国际自愿碳标准(VCS)项目补偿交易和黄金标准(GS)项目,国内包括国家核证自愿减排量(CCER)项目、中国绿色碳汇基金会(CGCF)自主开发项目、北京市核证减排量(BCER)项目、广东省碳普惠制核证减排量(PHCER)项目、福建省林业碳汇减排量(FFCER)项目和贵州省单株树碳汇扶贫项目,发挥了林业在应对气候变化方面的重要作用,丰富了碳市场交易产品,降低了排放企业减排成本,调动了社会力量参与应对气候变化的意识和行动,促进了林农就业增收和脱贫,拓展了林业生态补偿途径和形式,实现了碳汇生态产品价值转换;但也依然存在政策制度体系不够健全、自愿减排管理机制不够完善、项目产权不够明晰、项目开发交易流程复杂、碳汇交易品种和补偿机制相对单一、对林业碳汇交易认识不清、交易成本和风险高等问题。针对上述问题,文中提出完善碳汇交易制度和政策体系、完善自愿减排管理机制、明晰林业碳汇产权、简化林业碳汇开发备案程序、建立林业碳汇多元化补偿和投入机制、加强对碳汇交易的培训和宣传、创新机制降低林业碳汇项目交易风险、有序扩大林业碳汇市场需求等政策建议。

Forestry Carbon Sequestration Transaction in China: Current Situation,Problems and Policy Suggestions

Carbon market mechanism is a critical policy tool to deal with climate change. In the past period of China's carbon market practice, there has been 9 types of mechanisms in the international and domestic markets of forestry carbon sequestration projects, including Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS) and Golden Standard (GS) internationally, and in domestic market, including Chinese Certified Emission Reduction (CCER), China Green Carbon Foundation (CGCF), Beijing Certified Emission Reductions (BCER), Guangdong Pu Hui Certified Emission Reductions (PHCER), Fujian Forestry Carbon Emission Reductions (FFCER) and Poverty Alleviation Project of Carbon Sequestration of Single Tree in Guizhou Province. These projects have played an important role of forestry in coping with climate change, enriching carbon market transaction products, reducing emission reduction costs of emission enterprises, mobilizing the awareness and actions of social forces to participate in dealing with climate change, promoting the employment, income increasing and poverty alleviation for forest farmers, expanding the ways and forms of forestry ecological compensation, and realizing the value transformation of carbon sink ecological products. However, there are still some problems, such as imperfect policy system and management mechanism, with not explicit enough forms of project property rights, complex project development process, limited way of carbon sequestration transaction, and unclear understanding of forest carbon sequestration transaction and high transaction cost and risk as well. In view of these problems, the paper puts forward some countermeasures for policy recommendation, such as improving the transaction system and voluntary emission reduction management mechanism, clarifying the property rights of carbon sequestration, simplifying the filing procedures for forestry carbon sequestration development, establishing diversified compensation and fund raising system for carbon sequestration trading in forest and grassland fields, strengthening training and publicity for carbon sequestration trading, innovating the mechanism to reduce the transaction cost and orderly expanding the market demand for forestry carbon sequestration.